Standard electrode potential (data page)

The data below tabulates standard electrode potentials (E°), in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), at:

Temperature 298.15 K (25.00 °C; 77.00 °F);
Effective concentration (activity) 1 (dimensionless) for each aqueous or amalgamated (mercury-alloyed) species;
Unit activity for each solvent and pure solid or liquid species; and
Absolute partial pressure 101.325 kPa (1.00000 atm; 1.01325 bar) for each gaseous reagent — the convention in most literature data but not the current standard state (100 kPa).

Variations from these ideal conditions affect measured voltage via the Nernst equation.

Electrode potentials of successive elementary half-reactions cannot be directly added. However, the corresponding Gibbs free energy changes (∆G°) can be added. Those free energy changes satisfy

∆G° = –

z

FE°,

where $z$ electrons are transferred, and the Faraday constant $F$ is the conversion factor describing Coulombs transferred per mole electrons. For example, from

Fe²⁺ + 2 e⁻ ⇌ Fe(s) (−0.44 V),

the energy to form one neutral atom of Fe(s) from one Fe²⁺ ion and two electrons is 2 × 0.44 eV = 0.88 eV, or 84 907 J/(mol e⁻). That value is also the standard formation energy (∆G_f°) for an Fe²⁺ ion, since e⁻ and Fe(s) both have zero formation energy.

Data from different sources may cause table inconsistencies. For example: $\begin{matrix} C u^{+} + e^{-} & ⇌ & C u (s) & E_{1} = + 0.520 V \\ C u^{2 +} + 2 e^{-} & ⇌ & C u (s) & E_{2} = + 0.337 V \\ C u^{2 +} + e^{-} & ⇌ & C u^{+} & E_{3} = + 0.159 V \end{matrix}$ From additivity of Gibbs energies and canceling common factors, one must have $2 \cdot E_{2} = 1 \cdot E_{1} + 1 \cdot E_{3}$ But that equation does not hold exactly with the cited values.

Table of standard electrode potentials

Legend: (s) – solid; (l) – liquid; (g) – gas; (aq) – aqueous (default for all charged species); (Hg) – amalgam; bold – water electrolysis equations.

Element	Half-reaction			E° (volt)	Electrons transferred	Reference
Element	Oxidant	⇌	Reductant	E° (volt)	Electrons transferred	Reference
Sr	Sr⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Sr(s)	−4.101	1	^[1]
Ca	Ca⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Ca(s)	−3.8	1	^[1]
Th	Th⁴⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Th³⁺	−3.6	1	^[2]
Pr	Pr³⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Pr²⁺	−3.1	1	Estimated^[3]
N	3N ₂(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	2HN ₃(aq)	−3.09	2	^[4]^[5]
Li	Li⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Li(s)	−3.0401	1	^[5]^[6]^: 153
N	N ₂(g) + 4H₂O + 2 e⁻	⇌	2NH ₂OH(aq) + 2 OH⁻	−3.04	2	^[4]
Cs	Cs⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Cs(s)	−3.026	1	^[5]
Ca	Ca(OH) ₂ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Ca(s) + 2 OH⁻	−3.02	2	^[1]
Er	Er³⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Er²⁺	−3	1	^[1]
Ba	Ba(OH) ₂ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Ba(s) + 2 OH⁻	−2.99	2	^[1]
Rb	Rb⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Rb(s)	−2.98	1	^[5]
K	K⁺ + e⁻	⇌	K(s)	−2.931	1	^[5]
Ba	Ba²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Ba(s)	−2.912	2	^[5]
La	La(OH) ₃(s) + 3 e⁻	⇌	La(s) + 3 OH⁻	−2.9	3	^[5]
Fr	Fr⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Fr(s)	−2.9	1	^[1]
Sr	Sr²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Sr(s)	−2.899	2	^[5]
Sr	Sr(OH) ₂ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Sr(s) + 2 OH⁻	−2.88	2	^[1]
Ca	Ca²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Ca(s)	−2.868	2	^[5]^[6]^: 153
Li	Li⁺ + C ₆(s) + e⁻	⇌	LiC ₆(s)	−2.84	1	^[5]
Eu	Eu²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Eu(s)	−2.812	2	^[5]
Ra	Ra²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Ra(s)	−2.8	2	^[5]
Ho	Ho³⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Ho²⁺	−2.8	1	^[1]
Bk	Bk³⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Bk²⁺	−2.8	1	^[1]
Yb	Yb²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Yb(s)	−2.76	2	^[1]
Na	Na⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Na(s)	−2.71	1	^[5]^[7]
Mg	Mg⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Mg(s)	−2.7	1	^[1]
Nd	Nd³⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Nd²⁺	−2.7	1	^[1]
Mg	Mg(OH) ₂ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Mg(s) + 2 OH⁻	−2.69	2	^[1]
Sm	Sm²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Sm(s)	−2.68	2	^[1]
Be	Be ₂O²⁻ ₃ + 3H₂O + 4 e⁻	⇌	2Be(s) + 6 OH⁻	−2.63	4	^[1]
Pm	Pm³⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Pm²⁺	−2.6	1	^[1]
Dy	Dy³⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Dy²⁺	−2.6	1	^[1]
No	No²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	No	−2.5	2	^[1]
Hf	HfO(OH) ₂ + H₂O + 4 e⁻	⇌	Hf(s) + 4 OH⁻	−2.5	4	^[1]
Th	Th(OH) ₄ + 4 e⁻	⇌	Th(s) + 4 OH⁻	−2.48	4	^[1]
Md	Md²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Md	−2.4	2	^[1]
Tm	Tm²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Tm(s)	−2.4	2	^[1]
La	La³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	La(s)	−2.379	3	^[5]
Y	Y³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Y(s)	−2.372	3	^[5]
Mg	Mg²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Mg(s)	−2.372	2	^[5]
Sc	ScF₃(aq) + 3 H⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Sc(s) + 3HF(aq)	−2.37	3	^[6]^: 792
Zr	ZrO(OH) ₂(s) + H₂O + 4 e⁻	⇌	Zr(s) + 4 OH⁻	−2.36	4	^[5]
Pr	Pr³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Pr(s)	−2.353	3	^[1]
Ce	Ce³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Ce(s)	−2.336	3	^[1]
Er	Er³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Er(s)	−2.331	3	^[1]
Ho	Ho³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Ho(s)	−2.33	3	^[1]
Al	H ₂AlO⁻ ₃ + H₂O + 3 e⁻	⇌	Al(s) + 4 OH⁻	−2.33	3	^[1]
Nd	Nd³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Nd(s)	−2.323	3	^[1]
Tm	Tm³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Tm(s)	−2.319	3	^[1]
Al	Al(OH) ₃(s) + 3 e⁻	⇌	Al(s) + 3 OH⁻	−2.31	3	^[8]
Sm	Sm³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Sm(s)	−2.304	3	^[1]
Fm	Fm²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Fm	−2.3	2	^[1]
Am	Am³⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Am²⁺	−2.3	1	^[1]
Dy	Dy³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Dy(s)	−2.295	3	^[1]
Lu	Lu³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Lu(s)	−2.28	3	^[1]
Sc	ScF⁺ ₂ + 2 H⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Sc(s) + 2HF(l)	−2.28	3	^[6]^: 792
Tb	Tb³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Tb(s)	−2.28	3	^[1]
Gd	Gd³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Gd(s)	−2.279	3	^[1]
H	H ₂(g) + 2 e⁻	⇌	2H⁻	−2.23	2	^[1]
Es	Es²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Es(s)	−2.23	2	^[1]
Pm	Pm²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Pm(s)	−2.2	2	^[1]
Tm	Tm³⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Tm²⁺	−2.2	1	^[1]
Dy	Dy²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Dy(s)	−2.2	2	^[1]
Ac	Ac³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Ac(s)	−2.2	3	^[1]
Yb	Yb³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Yb(s)	−2.19	3	^[1]
Cf	Cf²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Cf(s)	−2.12	2	^[1]
Nd	Nd²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Nd(s)	−2.1	2	^[1]
Ho	Ho²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Ho(s)	−2.1	2	^[1]
Sc	Sc³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Sc(s)	−2.077	3	^[9]
Al	AlF³⁻ ₆ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Al(s) + 6F⁻	−2.069	3	^[1]
Cm	Cm³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Cm(s)	−2.04	3	^[1]
Pu	Pu³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Pu(s)	−2.031	3	^[1]
Pr	Pr²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Pr(s)	−2	2	^[1]
Er	Er²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Er(s)	−2	2	^[1]
Eu	Eu³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Eu(s)	−1.991	3	^[1]
Lr	Lr³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Lr	−1.96	3	^[1]
Cf	Cf³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Cf(s)	−1.94	3	^[1]
Es	Es³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Es(s)	−1.91	3	^[1]
Pa	Pa⁴⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Pa³⁺	−1.9	1	^[1]
Am	Am²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Am(s)	−1.9	2	^[1]
Th	Th⁴⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	Th(s)	−1.899	4	^[1]
Fm	Fm³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Fm	−1.89	3	^[1]
N	N₂(g) + 2H₂O(l) + 4 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	2NH₃OH⁺	−1.87	2	^[6]^: 789
Np	Np³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Np(s)	−1.856	3	^[1]
Be	Be²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Be(s)	−1.847	2	^[1]
P	H ₂PO⁻ ₂ + e⁻	⇌	P(s) + 2 OH⁻	−1.82	1	^[1]
U	U³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	U(s)	−1.798	3	^[1]
Sr	Sr²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Sr(Hg)	−1.793	2	^[1]
B	H ₂BO⁻ ₃ + H₂O + 3 e⁻	⇌	B(s) + 4 OH⁻	−1.79	3	^[1]
Th	ThO ₂ + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	Th(s) + 2H₂O	−1.789	4	^[1]
Hf	HfO²⁺ + 2 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	Hf(s) + H₂O	−1.724	4	^[1]
P	HPO²⁻ ₃ + 2H₂O + 3 e⁻	⇌	P(s) + 5 OH⁻	−1.71	3	^[1]
Si	SiO²⁻ ₃ + 3H₂O + 4 e⁻	⇌	Si(s) + 6 OH⁻	−1.697	4	^[1]
Al	Al³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Al(s)	−1.662	3	^[1]
Ti	Ti²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Ti(s)	−1.63	2	^[7]
Zr	ZrO ₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	Zr(s) + 2H₂O	−1.553	4	^[10]
Zr	Zr⁴⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	Zr(s)	−1.45	4	^[10]
Ti	Ti³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Ti(s)	−1.37	3	^[11]
Ti	TiO(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Ti(s) + H₂O	−1.31	2	^[6]^: 792
B	B(OH)⁻ ₄ + 4H₂O(l) + 8 e⁻	⇌	BH⁻ ₄ + 8 OH⁻	−1.24	8	^[6]^: 788
Ti	Ti ₂O ₃(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	2TiO(s) + H₂O	−1.23	2	^[6]^: 792
Ga	GaO(OH)⁻ ₂ + H₂O(l) + 3 e⁻	⇌	Ga(s) + 3 OH⁻	−1.22	3	^[6]^: 788
Zn	Zn(OH)²⁻ ₄ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Zn(s) + 4 OH⁻	−1.199	2	^[10]
Mn	Mn²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Mn(s)	−1.185	2	^[10]
Fe	Fe(CN)⁴⁻ ₆ + 6 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Fe(s) + 6HCN(aq)	−1.16	2	^[12]
C	C(s) + 3H₂O(l) + 2 e⁻	⇌	CH₃OH(l) + 2 OH⁻	−1.148	2	^[6]^: 788
Cr	Cr(CN)³⁻ ₆ + e⁻	⇌	Cr(CN)⁴⁻ ₆	−1.143	1	^[6]^: 793
Te	Te(s) + 2 e⁻	⇌	Te²⁻	−1.143	2	^[13]
V	V²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	V(s)	−1.13	2	^[13]
Nb	Nb³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Nb(s)	−1.099	3	^[8]
Sn	Sn(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	SnH ₄(g)	−1.07	4
Po	Po(s) + 2 e⁻	⇌	Po²⁻	−1.021	2	^[14]
Cr	[Cr(edta)(H₂O)]⁻ + e⁻	⇌	[Cr(edta)(H₂O)]²⁻	−0.99	1	^[6]^: 793
P	2H₃PO₄(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	(H₂PO₃)₂(aq) + H₂O(l)	−0.933	2	^[6]^: 789
C	CO²⁻ ₃ + 3 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	HCO⁻ ₂ + H₂O(l)	−0.93	2	^[6]^: 788
Ti	TiO²⁺ + 2 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	Ti(s) + H₂O	−0.93	4
Si	SiO ₂(quartz) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	Si(s) + 2H₂O	−0.909	4	^[6]^: 788
Cr	Cr²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Cr(s)	−0.9	2	^[6]^: 793
B	B(OH) ₃(aq) + 3 H⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	B(s) + 3H₂O	−0.89	3	^[6]^: 788
Fe	Fe(OH) ₂(s) + 2 e⁻	⇌	Fe(s) + 2 OH⁻	−0.89	2	^[12]
Fe	Fe ₂O ₃(s) + 3H₂O + 2 e⁻	⇌	2Fe(OH) ₂(s) + 2 OH⁻	−0.86	2	^[12]
H	2H₂O + 2 e⁻	⇌	H ₂(g) + 2 OH⁻	−0.8277	2	^[10]
Bi	Bi(s) + 3 H⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	BiH ₃	−0.8	3	^[10]
Zn	Zn²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Zn(Hg)	−0.7628	2	^[10]
Zn	Zn²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Zn(s)	−0.7618	2	^[10]
Ta	Ta ₂O ₅(s) + 10 H⁺ + 10 e⁻	⇌	2Ta(s) + 5H₂O	−0.75	10
Cr	Cr³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Cr(s)	−0.74	3	^[7]
Te	2Te(s) + 2 e⁻	⇌	Te²⁻ ₂	−0.74	2	^[6]^: 790
Ni	Ni(OH) ₂(s) + 2 e⁻	⇌	Ni(s) + 2 OH⁻	−0.72	2	^[1]
Nb	Nb₂O₅(s) + 10 H⁺ + 10 e⁻	⇌	2Nb(s) + 5H₂O(l)	−0.7	10	^[6]^: 793
Ag	Ag ₂S(s) + 2 e⁻	⇌	2Ag(s) + S²⁻ (aq)	−0.69	2
Te	Te²⁻ ₂ + 4 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	2H₂Te(g)	−0.64	2	^[6]^: 790
Sb	Sb(OH)⁻ ₄ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Sb(s) + 4 OH⁻	−0.639	3	^[6]^: 789
Au	[Au(CN) ₂]⁻ + e⁻	⇌	Au(s) + 2CN⁻	−0.6	1
Ta	Ta³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Ta(s)	−0.6	3	^[8]
Pb	PbO(s) + H₂O + 2 e⁻	⇌	Pb(s) + 2 OH⁻	−0.580	2	^[8]
Ti	2TiO ₂(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Ti ₂O ₃(s) + H₂O	−0.56	2	^[6]^: 792
Ga	Ga³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Ga(s)	−0.549	3	^[8]
U	U⁴⁺ + e⁻	⇌	U³⁺	−0.52	1	^[15]
P	H ₃PO ₂(aq) + H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	P(white)^{[note 1]} + 2H₂O	−0.508	1	^[10]
P	H ₃PO ₃(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	H ₃PO ₂(aq) + H₂O	−0.499	2	^[10]
Ni	NiO ₂(s) + 2H₂O + 2 e⁻	⇌	Ni(OH) ₂(s) + 2 OH⁻	−0.49	2	^[1]
Sb	Sb(OH)⁻ ₆ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Sb(OH)⁻ ₄ + 2 OH⁻	−0.465	2	^[6]^: 789
P	H ₃PO ₃(aq) + 3 H⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	P(red)^{[note 1]} + 3H₂O	−0.454	3	^[10]
Bi	Bi₂O₃(s) + 3H₂O(l) + 6 e⁻	⇌	Bi(s) + 6 OH⁻	−0.452	6	^[6]^: 789
Ta	TaF²⁻ ₇ + 7 H⁺ + 5 e⁻	⇌	Ta(s) + 7HF(l)	−0.45	5	^[6]^: 793
In	In³⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	In⁺	−0.444	2	^[6]^: 788
Cu	Cu(CN)⁻ ₂ + e⁻	⇌	Cu(s) + 2CN⁻	−0.44	1	^[13]
Fe	Fe²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Fe(s)	−0.44	2	^[7]
C	2CO ₂(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	HOOCCOOH(aq)	−0.43	2
Cr	Cr³⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Cr²⁺	−0.407	1	^[8]
Cd	Cd²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Cd(s)	−0.4	2	^[8]
Ti	Ti³⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Ti²⁺	−0.37	1	^[6]^: 792
Cu	Cu ₂O(s) + H₂O + 2 e⁻	⇌	2Cu(s) + 2 OH⁻	−0.36	2	^[10]
Pb	PbSO ₄(s) + 2 e⁻	⇌	Pb(s) + SO²⁻ ₄	−0.3588	2	^[10]
Pb	PbSO ₄(s) + 2 e⁻	⇌	Pb(Hg) + SO²⁻ ₄	−0.3505	2	^[10]
Eu	Eu³⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Eu²⁺	−0.35	1	^[15]
In	In³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	In(s)	−0.34	3	^[13]
Tl	Tl⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Tl(s)	−0.34	1	^[13]
Ge	Ge(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	GeH ₄(g)	−0.29	4
Co	Co²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Co(s)	−0.28	2	^[10]
P	H ₃PO ₄(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	H ₃PO ₃(aq) + H₂O	−0.276	2	^[10]
N	N₂(g) + 8 H⁺ + 6 e⁻	⇌	2NH⁺ ₄	−0.27	6	^[16]
V	V³⁺ + e⁻	⇌	V²⁺	−0.26	1	^[7]
Ni	Ni²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Ni(s)	−0.257	2	^[8]
S	2HSO⁻ ₄ + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	S₂O²⁻ ₆ + 2H₂O(l)	−0.253	2	^[6]^: 790
As	As(s) + 3 H⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	AsH ₃(g)	−0.23	3	^[13]
N	N₂(g) + 5 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	N₂H⁺ ₅	−0.23	4	^[6]^: 789
Ga	Ga⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Ga(s)	−0.2	1	^[8]
Ag	AgI(s) + e⁻	⇌	Ag(s) + I⁻	−0.15224	1	^[10]
Ge	GeO₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	Ge(s) + 2H₂O(l)	−0.15	4	^[16]
Mo	MoO ₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	Mo(s) + 2H₂O	−0.15	4
Si	Si(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	SiH ₄(g)	−0.14	4
Sn	Sn²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Sn(s)	−0.13	2
O	O ₂(g) + H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	HO^• ₂(aq)	−0.13	1
In	In⁺ + e⁻	⇌	In(s)	−0.126	1	^[6]^: 788
Pb	Pb²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Pb(s)	−0.126	2	^[7]
W	WO ₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	W(s) + 2H₂O	−0.12	4
Ge	GeO ₂(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	GeO(s) + H₂O	−0.118	2	^[8]
P	P(red) + 3 H⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	PH ₃(g)	−0.111	3	^[10]
C	CO ₂(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	HCOOH(aq)	−0.11	2
Se	Se(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	H ₂Se(g)	−0.11	2	^[6]^: 790
C	CO ₂(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	CO(g) + H₂O	−0.11	2
Sn	α-SnO(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Sn(s) + H₂O	−0.104	2	^[6]^: 788
Cu	Cu(NH ₃)⁺ ₂ + e⁻	⇌	Cu(s) + 2NH ₃(aq)	−0.1	1	^[13]
Nb	Nb₂O₅(s) + 10 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	2Nb³⁺ + 5H₂O(l)	−0.1	4	^[6]^: 793
W	WO ₃(aq) + 6 H⁺ + 6 e⁻	⇌	W(s) + 3H₂O	−0.09	6	^[13]
Sn	SnO ₂(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	α-SnO(s) + H₂O	−0.088	2	^[6]^: 788
Fe	Fe ₃O ₄(s) + 8 H⁺ + 8 e⁻	⇌	3Fe(s) + 4H₂O	−0.085	8	^[17]
V	VOH²⁺ + H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	V²⁺ + H₂O(l)	−0.082	1	^[6]^: 793
P	P(white) + 3 H⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	PH ₃(g)	−0.063	3	^[10]
N	N₂O(g) + H₂O(l) + 6 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	2NH₃OH⁺	−0.05	4	^[6]^: 789
Fe	Fe³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Fe(s)	−0.04	3	^[12]
C	HCOOH(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	HCHO(aq) + H₂O	−0.034	2	^[6]^: 788
H	2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	H ₂(g)	0	2
Ag	AgBr(s) + e⁻	⇌	Ag(s) + Br⁻	0.07133	1	^[10]
S	S ₄O²⁻ ₆ + 2 e⁻	⇌	2S ₂O²⁻ ₃	0.08	2
N	N ₂(g) + 2H₂O + 6 H⁺ + 6 e⁻	⇌	2NH ₄OH(aq)	0.092	6
Hg	HgO(s) + H₂O + 2 e⁻	⇌	Hg(l) + 2 OH⁻	0.0977	2
Cu	Cu(NH ₃)²⁺ ₄ + e⁻	⇌	Cu(NH ₃)⁺ ₂ + 2NH ₃(aq)	0.1	1	^[13]
Ru	Ru(NH ₃)³⁺ ₆ + e⁻	⇌	Ru(NH ₃)²⁺ ₆	0.1	1	^[15]
N	N ₂H ₄(aq) + 4H₂O + 2 e⁻	⇌	2NH⁺ ₄ + 4 OH⁻	0.11	2	^[4]
Mo	H ₂MoO ₄(aq) + 6 H⁺ + 6 e⁻	⇌	Mo(s) + 4H₂O	0.11	6
Ge	Ge⁴⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	Ge(s)	0.12	4
C	C(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	CH ₄(g)	0.13	4	^[13]
C	HCHO(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	CH ₃OH(aq)	0.13	2
S	S(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	H ₂S(g)	0.144	2	^[6]^: 790
Sb	Sb₂O₃(s) + 6 H⁺ + 6 e⁻	⇌	2Sb(s) + 3H₂O	0.15	6	^[6]^: 789
Sn	Sn⁴⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Sn²⁺	0.151	2	^[8]
S	HSO⁻ ₄ + 3 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	SO ₂(aq) + 2H₂O	0.158	2	^[6]^: 790
Cu	Cu²⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Cu⁺	0.159	1	^[13]
U	UO²⁺ ₂ + e⁻	⇌	UO⁺ ₂	0.163	1	^[15]
S	SO²⁻ ₄ + 4 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	SO ₂(aq) + 2H₂O	0.17	2
Ti	TiO²⁺ + 2 H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Ti³⁺ + H₂O	0.19	1
Sb	SbO⁺ + 2 H⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Sb(s) + H₂O	0.2	3
Fe	3Fe ₂O ₃(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	2Fe ₃O ₄(s) + H₂O	0.22	2	^[18]^: p.100
Ag	AgCl(s) + e⁻	⇌	Ag(s) + Cl⁻	0.22233	1	^[10]
As	H ₃AsO ₃(aq) + 3 H⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	As(s) + 3H₂O	0.24	3	^[6]^: 789
Ru	Ru³⁺ (aq) + e⁻	⇌	Ru²⁺ (aq)	0.249	1	^[19]
Pb	PbO₂(s) + H₂O + 2 e⁻	⇌	α-PbO(s) + 2 OH⁻	0.254	2	^[6]^: 788
Ge	GeO(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Ge(s) + H₂O	0.26	2
Hg	Hg₂Cl₂(s) + 2 e⁻	⇌	2Hg(l) + 2Cl⁻	0.27	2	^[16]
U	UO⁺ ₂ + 4 H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	U⁴⁺ + 2H₂O	0.273	1	^[15]
Re	Re³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Re(s)	0.300	3	^[8]
At	At + e⁻	⇌	At⁻	0.3	1	^[20]
Bi	Bi³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Bi(s)	0.308	3	^[10]
C	2HCNO + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	(CN)₂ + 2H₂O	0.330	2	^[8]
Cu	Cu²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Cu(s)	0.337	2	^[13]
V	VO²⁺ + 2 H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	V³⁺ + H₂O	0.337	1	^[6]^: 793
Sb	Sb₂O₄(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Sb₂O₃(s) + H₂O(l)	0.342	2	^[6]^: 789
At	At⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	At⁻	0.36	2	^[21]
Fe	[Fe(CN) ₆]³⁻ + e⁻	⇌	[Fe(CN) ₆]⁴⁻	0.3704	1	^[22]
C	(CN)₂ + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	2HCN	0.373	2	^[8]
P	(H₂PO₃)₂(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	2H₃PO₃	0.38	2	^[6]^: 789
S	2SO₂(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	S₂O²⁻ ₃ + H₂O(l)	0.4	2	^[6]^: 790
O	O ₂(g) + 2H₂O + 4 e⁻	⇌	4 OH⁻(aq)	0.401	4	^[7]
Mo	H ₂MoO ₄ + 6 H⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Mo³⁺ + 4H₂O	0.43	3
Ru	Ru²⁺ (aq) + 2 e⁻	⇌	Ru	0.455	2	^[19]
V	VO(OH)⁺ + 2 H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	VOH²⁺ + H₂O(l)	0.481	1	^[6]^: 793
C	CH ₃OH(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	CH ₄(g) + H₂O	0.5	2
S	SO ₂(aq) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	S(s) + 2H₂O	0.5	4	^[6]^: 790
S	4SO ₂(aq) + 4 H⁺ + 6 e⁻	⇌	S₄O²⁻ ₆ + 2H₂O(l)	0.51	6	^[16]
Cu	Cu⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Cu(s)	0.52	1	^[13]
C	CO(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	C(s) + H₂O	0.52	2	^[6]^: 788
I	I⁻ ₃ + 2 e⁻	⇌	3I⁻	0.53	2	^[7]
Te	TeO₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	Te(s) + 2H₂O(l)	0.53	4	^[6]^: 790
Cu	Cu²⁺ + Cl⁻ + e⁻	⇌	CuCl(s)	0.54	1	^[16]
I	I ₂(s) + 2 e⁻	⇌	2I⁻	0.54	2	^[7]
Au	[AuI ₄]⁻ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Au(s) + 4I⁻	0.56	3
As	H ₃AsO ₄(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	H ₃AsO ₃(aq) + H₂O	0.56	2	^[6]^: 789
S	S₂O²⁻ ₆ + 4 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	2H₂SO₃	0.569	2	^[6]^: 790
Au	[AuI ₂]⁻ + e⁻	⇌	Au(s) + 2I⁻	0.58	1
Mn	MnO⁻ ₄ + 2H₂O + 3 e⁻	⇌	MnO ₂(s) + 4 OH⁻	0.595	3	^[1]
S	S ₂O²⁻ ₃ + 6 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	2S(s) + 3H₂O	0.6	4	^[6]^: 790
Fe	Fc⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Fc(s)	0.63	1	Substantial literature variation^[23]
Mo	H ₂MoO ₄(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	MoO ₂(s) + 2H₂O	0.65	2
N	HN₃(aq) + 11 H⁺ + 8 e⁻	⇌	3NH⁺ ₄	0.69	8	^[16]
O	O ₂(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	H ₂O ₂(aq)	0.695	2	^[8]
Sb	Sb₂O₅(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	Sb₂O₃(s) + 2H₂O	0.699	4	^[6]^: 789
C	+ 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌		0.6992	2	^[10]
V	H₂V₁₀O⁴⁻ ₂₈ + 24 H⁺ + 10 e⁻	⇌	10VO(OH)⁺ + 8H₂O(l)	0.723	10	^[6]^: 793
Pt	PtCl²⁻ ₆ + 2 e⁻	⇌	PtCl²⁻ ₄ + 2Cl⁻	0.726	2	^[15]
Fe	Fe ₂O ₃(s) + 6 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	2Fe²⁺ + 3H₂O	0.728	2	^[18]^: p.100
Se	H ₂SeO ₃(aq) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	Se(s) + 3H₂O	0.74	4	^[8]
At	AtO⁺ + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	At⁺ + H₂O	0.74	2	^[21]
Tl	Tl³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Tl(s)	0.741	3	^[8]
No	No³⁺ + e⁻	⇌	No²⁺	0.75	1	^[24]
Pt	PtCl²⁻ ₄ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Pt(s) + 4Cl⁻	0.758	2	^[15]
Br	BrO⁻ + H₂O(l) + 2 e⁻	⇌	Br⁻ + 2 OH⁻	0.76	2	^[6]^: 791
Po	Po⁴⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	Po	0.76	4	^[8]
S	(SCN)₂ + 2 e⁻	⇌	2SCN⁻	0.769	2	^[25]^[8]
Fe	Fe³⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Fe²⁺	0.771	1	^[8]
Hg	Hg²⁺ ₂ + 2 e⁻	⇌	2Hg(l)	0.7973	2	^[8]
Ag	Ag⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Ag(s)	0.7996	1	^[10]
N	2NO⁻ ₃(aq) + 4 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	N ₂O ₄(g) + 2H₂O	0.803	2	^[6]^: 789
Fe	2FeO²⁻ ₄ + 5H₂O + 6 e⁻	⇌	Fe ₂O ₃(s) + 10 OH⁻	0.81	6	^[12]
Au	[AuBr ₄]⁻ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Au(s) + 4Br⁻	0.85	3
Hg	Hg²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Hg(l)	0.85	2
Ir	[IrCl ₆]²⁻ + e⁻	⇌	[IrCl ₆]³⁻	0.87	1	^[6]^: 153
Mn	MnO⁻ ₄ + H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	HMnO⁻ ₄	0.9	1
Po	Po⁴⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Po²⁺	0.9	2	^[8]
Hg	2Hg²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Hg²⁺ ₂	0.91	2	^[13]
Pd	Pd²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Pd(s)	0.915	2	^[15]
Au	[AuCl ₄]⁻ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Au(s) + 4Cl⁻	0.93	3
N	NO⁻ ₃ + 3 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	HNO₂(aq)	0.94	2	^[6]^: 789
Mn	MnO ₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Mn³⁺ + 2H₂O	0.95	1
N	NO⁻ ₃(aq) + 4 H⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	NO(g) + 2H₂O(l)	0.958	3	^[7]
Au	[AuBr ₂]⁻ + e⁻	⇌	Au(s) + 2Br⁻	0.96	1
Fe	Fe ₃O ₄(s) + 8 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	3Fe²⁺ + 4H₂O	0.98	2	^[18]^: p.100
Xe	[HXeO ₆]³⁻ + 2H₂O + 2 e⁻	⇌	[HXeO ₄]⁻ + 4 OH⁻	0.99	2	^[6]^: 792^[26]
N	HNO₂(aq) + H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	NO(g) + H₂O(l)	0.996	1	^[6]^: 789
At	HAtO + H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	At + H₂O	1.0	1	^[20]
V	[VO ₂]⁺ (aq) + 2 H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	[VO]²⁺ (aq) + H₂O	1	1	^[27]
Te	H ₆TeO ₆(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	TeO ₂(s) + 4H₂O	1.02	2	^[27]
N	NO₂(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	NO(g) + H₂O(l)	1.03	2	^[16]
Br	Br⁻ ₃ + 2 e⁻	⇌	3Br⁻	1.05	2	^[16]
Sb	Sb₂O₅(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Sb₂O₄(s) + H₂O(l)	1.055	2	^[6]^: 789
I	ICl⁻ ₂ + e⁻	⇌	2Cl⁻ + I(s)	1.06	1	^[16]
Br	Br ₂(l) + 2 e⁻	⇌	2Br⁻	1.066	2	^[10]
N	N₂O₄(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	2HNO₂	1.07	2	^[6]^: 789
Br	Br ₂(aq) + 2 e⁻	⇌	2Br⁻	1.0873	2	^[10]
Ru	RuO ₂ + 4 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Ru²⁺ (aq) + 2H₂O	1.120	2	^[19]
Cu	Cu²⁺ + 2CN⁻ + e⁻	⇌	Cu(CN)⁻ ₂	1.12	1	^[13]
I	IO⁻ ₃ + 5 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	HIO(aq) + 2H₂O	1.13	4	^[6]^: 791
O	H₂O₂(aq) + H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	H₂O(l) + HO•	1.14	1	^[6]^: 790
Au	[AuCl ₂]⁻ + e⁻	⇌	Au(s) + 2Cl⁻	1.15	1
Se	HSeO⁻ ₄ + 3 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	H ₂SeO ₃(aq) + H₂O	1.15	2	^[6]^: 790
Ag	Ag ₂O(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	2Ag(s) + H₂O	1.17	2
Cl	ClO⁻ ₃ + 2 H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	ClO ₂(g) + H₂O	1.175	1	^[6]^: 791
Xe	[HXeO ₆]³⁻ + 5H₂O + 8 e⁻	⇌	Xe(g) + 11 OH⁻	1.18	8	^[26]
Pt	Pt²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Pt(s)	1.188	2	^[15]
Cl	ClO ₂(g) + H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	HClO ₂(aq)	1.19	1	^[28]
I	2IO⁻ ₃ + 12 H⁺ + 10 e⁻	⇌	I ₂(s) + 6H₂O	1.2	10	^[16]
Mn	MnO ₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Mn²⁺ + 2H₂O	1.224	2	^[10]
O	O ₂(g) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	2H₂O	1.229	4	^[7]
N	N₂H⁺ ₅ + 3 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	2NH⁺ ₄	1.28	2	^[6]^: 789
Cl	ClO⁻ ₄ + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	ClO⁻ ₃ + H₂O	1.23	2	^[29]
Ru	[Ru(bipy) ₃]³⁺ + e⁻	⇌	[Ru(bipy) ₃]²⁺	1.24	1	^[1]
Xe	[HXeO ₄]⁻ + 3H₂O + 6 e⁻	⇌	Xe(g) + 7 OH⁻	1.24	6	^[6]^: 792^[26]
N	2NO⁻ ₃ + 12 H⁺ + 10 e⁻	⇌	N₂(g) + 6H₂O(l)	1.25	10	^[6]^: 789
Tl	Tl³⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Tl⁺	1.25	2	^[6]^: 788
N	2HNO₂(aq) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	N₂O(g) + 3H₂O(l)	1.297	4	^[6]^: 789
Cr	Cr ₂O²⁻ ₇ + 14 H⁺ + 6 e⁻	⇌	2Cr³⁺ + 7H₂O	1.33	6	^[4]^: 1005
N	NH₃OH⁺ + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	NH⁺ ₄ + H₂O(l)	1.35	2	^[6]^: 789
Cl	Cl ₂(g) + 2 e⁻	⇌	2Cl⁻	1.36	2	^[7]
Ru	RuO⁻ ₄(aq) + 8 H⁺ + 5 e⁻	⇌	Ru²⁺ (aq) + 4H₂O	1.368	5	^[19]
Ru	RuO ₄ + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	RuO ₂ + 2H₂O	1.387	4	^[19]
Co	CoO ₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Co³⁺ + 2H₂O	1.42	1
N	2NH ₃OH⁺ + H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	N ₂H⁺ ₅ + 2H₂O	1.42	2	^[4]
I	2HIO(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	I ₂(s) + 2H₂O	1.44	2	^[6]^: 791
Br	BrO⁻ ₃ + 5 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	HBrO(aq) + 2H₂O	1.447	4	^[6]^: 791
Pb	β-PbO ₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Pb²⁺ + 2H₂O	1.46	2	^[13]
Pb	α-PbO ₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Pb²⁺ + 2H₂O	1.468	2	^[13]
Br	2BrO⁻ ₃ + 12 H⁺ + 10 e⁻	⇌	Br ₂(l) + 6H₂O	1.48	10
At	HAtO₃ + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	HAtO + 2H₂O	1.5	4	^[20]
Mn	MnO⁻ ₄ + 8 H⁺ + 5 e⁻	⇌	Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O	1.51	5	^[16]
O	HO^• ₂ + H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	H ₂O ₂(aq)	1.51	1
Au	Au³⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Au(s)	1.52	3
Ru	RuO²⁻ ₄(aq) + 8 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	Ru²⁺ (aq) + 4H₂O	1.563	4	^[19]
N	2NO(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	N₂O(g) + H₂O(l)	1.59	2	^[6]^: 789
Ni	NiO ₂(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Ni²⁺ + 2 OH⁻	1.59	2
Ce	Ce⁴⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Ce³⁺	1.61	1
Cl	2HClO(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Cl ₂(g) + 2H₂O	1.63	2	^[28]
I	IO⁻ ₄ + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	IO⁻ ₃ + H₂O	1.64	2	^[29]
Ag	Ag ₂O ₃(s) + 6 H⁺ + 4 e⁻	⇌	2Ag⁺ + 3H₂O	1.67	4
Cl	HClO ₂(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	HClO(aq) + H₂O	1.67	2	^[28]
Pb	Pb⁴⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Pb²⁺	1.69	2	^[13]
Mn	MnO⁻ ₄ + 4 H⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	MnO ₂(s) + 2H₂O	1.7	3	^[16]
Br	BrO⁻ ₄ + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	BrO⁻ ₃ + H₂O	1.74	2	^[29]
Ag	AgO(s) + 2 H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Ag⁺ + H₂O	1.77	1
N	N₂O(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	N₂(g) + H₂O(l)	1.77	2	^[6]^: 789
O	H ₂O ₂(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	2H₂O	1.78	2	^[28]
Au	Au⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Au(s)	1.83	1	^[13]
Co	Co³⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Co²⁺	1.92	1	^[8]
Ag	Ag²⁺ + e⁻	⇌	Ag⁺	1.98	1	^[13]
O	S ₂O²⁻ ₈ + 2 e⁻	⇌	2SO²⁻ ₄	2.01	2	^[10]
O	O ₃(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	O ₂(g) + H₂O	2.075	2	^[15]
Mn	HMnO⁻ ₄ + 3 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	MnO ₂(s) + 2H₂O	2.09	2
Xe	XeO ₃(aq) + 6 H⁺ + 6 e⁻	⇌	Xe(g) + 3H₂O	2.12	6	^[6]^: 792^[26]
Xe	H ₄XeO ₆(aq) + 8 H⁺ + 8 e⁻	⇌	Xe(g) + 6H₂O	2.18	8	^[6]^: 792^[26]
Fe	FeO²⁻ ₄ + 8 H⁺ + 3 e⁻	⇌	Fe³⁺ + 4H₂O	2.2	3	^[30]
Xe	XeF ₂(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Xe(g) + 2HF(aq)	2.32	2	^[26]^[28]
O	HO• + H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	H₂O(l)	2.38	1	^[6]^: 790
Xe	H ₄XeO ₆(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	XeO ₃(aq) + 3H₂O	2.42	2	^[26]^[6]^: 792
F	F ₂(g) + 2 e⁻	⇌	2F⁻	2.87	2	^[6]^: 153^[7]^[13]
Cm	Cm⁴⁺ + e^–	⇌	Cm³⁺	3.0	1	Estimated^[3]
F	F ₂(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	2HF(aq)	3.077	2	^[3]
Tb	Tb⁴⁺ + e^–	⇌	Tb³⁺	3.1	1	Estimated^[3]
Pr	Pr⁴⁺ + e^–	⇌	Pr³⁺	3.2	1	Estimated^[3]
Kr	KrF ₂(aq) + 2 e⁻	⇌	Kr(g) + 2F⁻ (aq)	3.27	2	Estimated^[31]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Not specified in the indicated reference, but assumed due to the difference between the value −0.454 and that computed by (2×(−0.499) + (−0.508))/3 = −0.502, exactly matching the difference between the values for white (−0.063) and red (−0.111) phosphorus in equilibrium with PH₃.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1263
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, http://www.hbcpnetbase.com Archived 2017-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ ^a ^b ^c Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1077
^ ^a ^b ^c Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ ^a ^b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ ^a ^b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ ^a ^b ^c Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

External links

Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
http://www.jesuitnola.org/upload/clark/Refs/red_pot.htm Archived 2008-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015049/http://www.fptl.ru/biblioteka/spravo4niki/handbook-of-Chemistry-and-Physics.pdf
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/tables/electpot.html#c1

[rwP-16] Not specified in the indicated reference, but assumed due to the difference between the value −0.454 and that computed by (2×(−0.499) + (−0.508))/3 = −0.502, exactly matching the difference between the values for white (−0.063) and red (−0.111) phosphorus in equilibrium with PH₃.

[CRC-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[Greenwood1263-2] Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1263

[VanSrc-3] Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[Gre-4] Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[van92-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[AS5-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[Atk-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[van??-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[9] David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, http://www.hbcpnetbase.com Archived 2017-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005.

[van-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[si-11] Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[webelements_fe-12] Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[Bar-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[14] Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[Bar2-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[Lee-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[Pou-18] Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[Pang2007-19] Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[Greenwood1077-20] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1077

[:0-21] Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[:2-22] Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[23] Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[24] Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[25] Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[26] Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[webelements_xe-27] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[Cotton-28] Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..

[AP-29] Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[:1-30] Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[wou-31] Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

[32] Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

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[note 1]

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Standard electrode potential (data page)

Contents

Table of standard electrode potentials

See also

Notes

References

External links

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Standard electrode potential (data page)

Table of standard electrode potentials

See also

Notes

References

External links

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