Stenosis
| Stenosis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Stenoses |
| File:Bronchial stenosis CT.JPG | |
| CT scan of a bronchial stenosis (arrow) that resulted from tracheobronchial injury | |
| Pronunciation | |
Stenosis (from Ancient Greek στενός (stenós) 'narrow') is the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure such as foramina and canals. It is also sometimes called a stricture (as in urethral stricture).[3]
Stricture as a term is usually used when narrowing is caused by contraction of smooth muscle (e.g. achalasia, prinzmetal angina); stenosis is usually used when narrowing is caused by lesion that reduces the space of lumen (e.g. atherosclerosis).[4] The term coarctation is another synonym,[5] but is commonly used only in the context of aortic coarctation.[6][7]
Restenosis is the recurrence of stenosis after a procedure.[8]
Examples
[edit | edit source]Examples of vascular stenotic lesions include:
- Intermittent claudication (peripheral artery stenosis)
- Angina (coronary artery stenosis)
- Carotid artery stenosis which predispose to (strokes and transient ischemic episodes)[9]
- Renal artery stenosis
Types
[edit | edit source]Vascular Stenosis
[edit | edit source]Arterial stenosis
- Carotid artery stenosis
- Coronary artery stenosis
- Renal artery stenosis
- Peripheral artery stenosis
- Vertebral artery stenosis
- Cerebral artery stenosis
- Pulmonary artery stenosis
- Congenital or acquired abnormal narrowing of pulmonary arteries along any portion of the pulmonary artery tree
Venous stenosis
- Jugular venous stenosis
- Central venous stenosis
Cardiac Valve Stenosis
[edit | edit source]
In order from most to least common:
- Aortic valve stenosis
- Normal aortic valves are estimated to be less than a millimeter thick.[10] Subsequent fibrosis and calcification of the valve leads to narrowing of the valve and therefore decreased blood flow out of the heart.[10]
- Mitral valve stenosis
- thickening of the mitral valve (of the left heart), therefore causing narrowing
- Tricuspid valve stenosis
- thickening of the tricuspid valve (of the right heart), therefore causing narrowing
- Pulmonary valve stenosis
- thickening of the pulmonary valve, therefore causing narrowing
Neurologic/Spine Stenosis
[edit | edit source]- Spinal canal stenosis
- Cervical spinal stenosis
- Thoracic stenosis
- Lumbar stenosis
- Foraminal stenosis
- Aqueductal stenosis
Gastrointestinal Stenosis
[edit | edit source]- Esophageal stenosis
- A congenital or acquired fixed narrowing of the esophagus. [11]
- Pyloric stenosis (infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis)
- Small-bowel stenosis
- Colonic stenosis (bowel obstruction)
- Anal stricture
- Rectal stricture
Respiratory Stenosis
[edit | edit source]- Subglottic stenosis
- Congenital or acquired narrowing of airway diameter in anatomic area below the vocal cords. [16]
- Laryngotracheal stenosis
- Bronchial stenosis
Genitourinary Stenosis
[edit | edit source]- Ureteral stenosis
- Urethral stenosis
- Cervical canal stenosis
- Meatal stenosis
- Vaginal stenosis
- Abnormal shortening or tightening of the vaginal canal.[17]
Others
[edit | edit source]- Biliary duct stenosis
Causes
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- Alcohol
- Atherosclerosis
- Birth defects
- Calcification
- Diabetes
- Headbanging
- Iatrogenic
- Infection
- Inflammation
- Ischemia
- Neoplasm
- Smoking
- Ureteral
- Urethral
Diagnosis
[edit | edit source]Stenoses of the vascular type are often associated with unusual blood sounds resulting from turbulent flow over the narrowed blood vessel. This sound can be made audible by a stethoscope, but diagnosis is generally made or confirmed with some form of medical imaging (such as ultrasound).[18]
See also
[edit | edit source]References
[edit | edit source]- ^ OED 2nd edition, 1989, as /stɪˈnəʊsɪs/.
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- ^ "coarctation" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
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External links
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