Kugel fountain

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This article is about the sculpted fountains. For other uses, see Kugel (disambiguation).

Principle of operation of a Kugel fountain
(A) Water flowing between the sphere and its shaped holder lifts the ball slightly.
(B) Water flows over the sides into a reservoir.
(C) Water is pumped back in an endless loop.
(D) Pump.
(E) Ball can easily be moved by hand.

A kugel fountain (also called a floating sphere fountain or by the pleonasmic name kugel ball) is a water feature or sculpture where a sphere sits in a fitted hollow in a pedestal, and is supported by aquaplaning on a thin film of water. Pressurized water flows between the sphere and socket, creating a mechanical hydrostatic bearing that is nearly frictionless. The sphere can weigh thousands of kilograms, but the efficient bearing allows it to be spun by the force of a hand. The sphere does not float, being denser than water; it is often made from granite.[1] The hydraulics of the fountain can be controlled so that the axis of rotation of the sphere changes continually.[2] Ring sculptures that rotate on an axis are also built.[2][3]

Kugel fountains can be found all over the world. Many are at popular tourist destinations, such as science museums,[4] shopping centers, lobbies, and gardens.

Kugel is the German word for ball or sphere.[5]

Locations of kugel fountains

[edit | edit source]
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap
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Facility City Country Diameter GPS Coordinate Further information
Temaikèn Park Belén de Escobar, Buenos Aires Province Argentina Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Feldkirch Austria Unknown
Casino Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria 1.2 m (47 in) Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. This kugelbrunnen (English: kugel fountain) is located in front of the Casino Innsbruck at Salurner Straße 15 in Innsbruck, Austria. Installed 2000 - Welte IHT - https://kusser.com/en_INT/portfolio/ball-fountain-casino-innsbruck/
Casino Velden Velden Austria Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Casino Seefeld Seefeld Austria Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
People's Globe, Fairfield Showground Prairiewood, New South Wales Australia 1.6 m (63 in) Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. Installed 2021, shows map of world and distances migrants travelled to Fairfield.[6]
Questacon Canberra, Australian Capital Territory Australia Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Bowral, New South Wales Australia Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Casuarina Square Darwin, Northern Territory Australia Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
SkyHigh Mount Dandenong Victoria Australia Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Forrest Place Perth, Western Australia Australia Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
The University of Western Australia, CS Department Perth, Western Australia Australia Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. Installed 2009
Atlantis Hotel Nassau Bahamas N 25° 05.028 W 077° 19.330 https://waymarking.com/waymarks/wm11W05_Pearl_of_Atlantis_Kugel_Ball_Nassau_Bahamas
Place du Martyr Verviers Belgium Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. Installed in 2003, called "Rio + 10"
WestJet Headquarters Calgary, Alberta Canada Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.[a][b]
Chinatown Victoria, British Columbia Canada Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.[a][b] Floating metal sphere, not a Kugel ball
Dundarave West Vancouver, British Columbia Canada Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.[a][b]
Guinness World Records Museum Niagara Falls, Ontario Canada Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Holiday Inn Express Montreal Airport Montreal, Quebec Canada Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Foxconn Factory Courtyard Kutna Hora, Central Bohemia Czech Republic Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Lyngby Storcenter Lyngby Denmark Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
University of Helsinki, Physicum building Helsinki Finland 0.5 m (20 in) Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Rotuaari pedestrian street Oulu Finland Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Hämeenpuisto Tampere Finland Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Casino Grand Cercle Aix-les-Bains France Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Rue de Bretagne Alençon France Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Square des longs-prés Boulogne-Billancourt, Île de France France Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Place de l'Hôtel de ville Le Havre France Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Près-La-Rose natural park Montbéliard France Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Spreebogen Berlin Germany 1.5 m (59 in) Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. Architect: Stephan Haan; Material: Granite[7]
Sparkasse Bensheim Bensheim Germany Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Schweinemarktplatz Crailsheim Germany 49.136516°N 10.072113°E
Äußere Neustadt, Martin-Luther-Platz Dresden Germany Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Düren Germany Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Erlangen Germany Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Garmisch-Partenkirchen Casino Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. Am Kurpark 10, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Palmengarten Frankfurt am Main Germany Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Hanse-Viertel Hamburg Germany 2.11 m (83 in) Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. Installed in 2012[8]
Westpark Munich Germany Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Tibusplatz Münster Germany Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.,
Europa-Park, Schlosspark Rust Germany Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.,
Herrenschreiberstraße Rheine Germany Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.,
City Center, Riesenstraße Kaiserslautern, Rheinland-Pfalz Germany Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Langenfeld Germany Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Calwer Straße Stuttgart Germany 1.0 m (39 in) Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
SAP SE Headquarters Walldorf Germany 1.5 m (59 in)
Am Zwinger 1 Sankt Wendel Germany Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
House of Science Patras Greece 1.0 m (39 in) A granite sphere of a diameter of precisely 1 m, immersed in the water basin up to the angle of 35° from the bottom.[9]
Bengaluru International Airport Terminal Bangalore India Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
W5 Interactive Discovery Centre Belfast Northern Ireland Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Bloomfield Science Museum Jerusalem Israel Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Parco Commerciale Dora Turin Italy Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Incrocio Viale Giosuè Carducci-Via Filzi Riva del Garda Italy

Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.

Parco Kumamoto Japan Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Lobby of the Radisson Blu Hotel Salwa, Kuwait City Kuwait Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Triq it-Torri Sliema Malta Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Te Papa Museum Wellington New Zealand Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Centrum of Tjuvholmen Aker brygge Oslo Norway Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Byrkjedalstunet Rogaland Norway Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Flåm Sogn og Fjordane Norway Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Park Zdrojowy Polanica-Zdrój Poland Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. [10]
"The Solar System" Tarnów Poland Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. [11]
Predmostnaya Ploshchad Krasnoyarsk Russia 1.4 m (55 in) Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. The city has six kugel balls.
Malaya Sadovaya Street Saint Petersburg Russia Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Petnica Valjevo Serbia Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Patrimonio Inteligente Puerto Lumbreras, Región de Murcia Spain Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Casa de las Ciencias A Coruña Spain Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Museo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología Alcobendas, Madrid Spain Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Museo Elder de la Ciencia y la Tecnología Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Spain 28.141104ºN 15.429532ºW
Kaggensgatan Pedestrian Street Kalmar Sweden Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Kursaal Bern Switzerland Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. Due to construction/renovation work at the Kursaal Bern the Kugelbrunnen has been sold to a private person and moved to an undisclosed location.[12]
Rue Cheneau-de-Bourg Lausanne Switzerland Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Zürichhorn Zürich Switzerland Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Donbas Arena Donetsk Ukraine Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Waitrose car park Abingdon England Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Carsington Water Visitor Center Derbyshire England Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Paultons Park Hampshire England Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. [13]
Town Centre Kenilworth England Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Techniquest Cardiff Wales Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Amarillo, Texas United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
"Discovery", Columbus Learning Center Columbus, Indiana United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. [14]
Water Tower Plaza Gilbert, Arizona United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Disneyland Anaheim, California United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Disney California Adventure Park Anaheim, California United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Amtrak Station Bakersfield, California United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
San Diego Zoo Safari Park Escondido, California United States 0.6 m (24 in)[c] Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
San Diego Zoo San Diego, California United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Hollywood Guinness Museum Los Angeles, California United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.[b] 4,970 kg (10,958 lb)[15]
Livermorium Plaza Livermore, California United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. Opened June 15, 2022, this plaza commemorates the creation of the element Livermorium (Lv).
Morgan Stanley La Jolla, California United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
California Baptist University Riverside, California United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Canyon Creek Park San Jose, CA United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. [16]
Fry's Electronics San Marcos, California United States 1.0 m (40 in) Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Railroad Community Park Santa Paula, California, United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
29th Street Mall Boulder, Colorado United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Belmar Shopping Center Lakewood, Colorado United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex Merritt Island, Florida United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Magic Kingdom Walt Disney World Orlando, Florida United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
State Botanical Garden of Georgia Athens, Georgia United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. [17]
Lincoln Park Zoo Chicago, Illinois United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Morton Arboretum Illinois United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Abt Electronics Glenview, Illinois United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Holliday Park Nature Center Indianapolis, Indiana United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Columbian Park Zoo Lafayette, Indiana United States 1.1 m (42 in) Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. The sphere fountain is a product of Kusser Fountain Works in Germany, a gift from The McAllister Foundation.[18]
Coleman-Morse Center Notre Dame, Indiana United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. [19]
Iowa State Fairgrounds Des Moines, Iowa United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Louisville Zoo Louisville, Kentucky United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Marshall Nemer Pavilion, Lourdes Hospital Paducah, Kentucky United States Unknown
Towne Center at Cedar Lodge Baton Rouge, Louisiana United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
The Ripley's Believe It or Not Museum Baltimore, Maryland United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Davison Township Police Department Davison, Michigan United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
The Frank's Nursery and Crafts Rose Garden at Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Private home Superior Township, Michigan United States 1.2 m (48 in) Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 2,500 kg (5,600 lb)
Somerset Collection Troy, Michigan United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.

1,930 kg (4,250 lb)

Mississippi College Clinton, Mississippi United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Kansas City Life Insurance Company Kansas City, Missouri United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Bob Devaney Sports Center Lincoln, Nebraska United States 1.2 m (48 in)[20] Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. Installed in 2011 by Top Stone
Henry Doorly Zoo Omaha, Nebraska United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Millennium Plaza Omaha, Nebraska United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Storyland Glen, New Hampshire United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.,
Duke Power Charlotte, North Carolina United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Elon University, Numen Lumen Pavilion Elon, North Carolina United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. Meditation garden
Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Rocky Mount, North Carolina United States
Canton Ohio Downtown Canton, Ohio United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. Destroyed By vandals
TriHealth Fitness & Health Pavilion Cincinnati, Ohio United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Bloch Cancer Survivors Plaza (park) Columbus, Ohio United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
COSI Columbus Columbus, Ohio United States Unknown
The Mall at Tuttle Crossing Columbus, Ohio United States Unknown
Tulsa Zoo Tulsa, Oklahoma United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Nike Campus Beaverton, Oregon United States Unknown
McKenzie Park Hermiston, Oregon United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Railroad Plaza Lansdale, Pennsylvania United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Alter Hall, Temple University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Reading Hospital Reading, Pennsylvania United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. [21]
Robert E. Freeman Memorial Park Providence, Rhode Island United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.[b]
Outside Mellow Mushroom Mount Pleasant, South Carolina United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
The Ripley's Believe It or Not Museum Myrtle Beach, South Carolina United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
The Ripley's Believe It or Not Museum Gatlinburg, Tennessee United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Miracle Field Murfreesboro, Tennessee United States Located at McKnight Park. Kugel ball is a representative of a baseball, and bears the signature of Boston Red Sox pitcher and Murfreesboro native David Price. Miracle Field was constructed with funds from Price's charity, Project One Four. The facility opened on 6 May 2017.[22]
Oak Court Mall Memphis, Tennessee United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park (Earth kugel ball) Nashville, Tennessee United States 1.8 m (71 in) Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.[a][b] World War II Memorial 18,000 lb (8,200 kg) lbs[23]
Cancer Survivors Plaza Dallas, Texas United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Historic Downtown Grapevine Grapevine, Texas United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
ConocoPhillips Campus Houston, Texas United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Houston Museum of Natural Science Houston, Texas United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Oaks Medical Group Bountiful, Utah United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
University Place Orem Orem, Utah United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Utah's Hogle Zoo Salt Lake City, Utah United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Lagoon Amusement Park Farmington, Utah United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Atlas Walk Gainesville, Virginia United States 1.32 m (52 in)[24] Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.[a][b] 7000 pounds[24]
Virginia Zoological Park Norfolk, Virginia United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
International Mission Board Richmond, Virginia United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Science Museum of Virginia (Earth kugel ball) Richmond, Virginia United States 2.653 m (104.4 in)[25][c] Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.[a][b] World's largest since 2003[25]
Science Museum of Virginia (Earth's Moon kugel ball) Richmond, Virginia United States 0.72 m (28 in)[c] Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.[a][b]
Crossroads Park Bellevue, Washington United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Whatcom Community College Bellingham, Washington United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Pacific Science Center Seattle, Washington United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Milwaukee County Zoo Milwaukee, Wisconsin United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Casper Area Chamber of Commerce Casper, Wyoming United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.[a][b] [26]
Canyon Visitor Education Center Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Five Points Centennial Plaza[27] Five Points (Columbia, South Carolina), South Carolina United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
St. Rita's Medical Center[28] St. Rita's Medical Center, Ohio United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Jack C. Taylor Conference Center Annapolis, Maryland United States Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. Installed in front of the Jack C. Taylor Conference Center at the United States Naval Institute in 2021.
Piazza d’armi (a public square)[29][30] Carrara Italy Geographic data related to location at OpenStreetMap Made by Kenneth Davis in 1979[citation needed]

1.8 tons[citation needed]

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Visible from Google satellite view
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Visible from Google street view
  3. ^ a b c Approximate
[edit | edit source]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  2. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ^ Amanda Oaks, Richmond in the Record Books, Richmond.com, 18 August, [2004], Retrieved 18 September 2007
  5. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  6. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  7. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  8. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  9. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  10. ^ ATRAKCJE TURYSTYCZNE: POLANICA ZDRÓJ, summer 2017 Archived 9 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on 8 August 2017 (in Polish)
  11. ^ Kosmiczna fontanna w Tarnowie juz dziala Archived 15 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Spring 2011, Retrieved on 5 June 2011 (in Polish)
  12. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  13. ^ Paultons Park Archived 6 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Summer 2008, Retrieved 15 June 2009
  14. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  15. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  16. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  17. ^ The State Botanical Garden of Georgia: Art in the Garden Archived 26 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 30 May 2012
  18. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  19. ^ Notre Dame Magazine Online Archived 6 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Summer 2001, Retrieved 31 July 2008
  20. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  21. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  22. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  23. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  24. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  25. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  26. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  27. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  28. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  29. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  30. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  31. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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