Baratarna
| Parštatar | |
|---|---|
| King of Mitanni | |
| King of Mitanni | |
| Predecessor | Founder |
| Successor | Shaushtatar |
| Died | c. 1470 BC |
Barattarna, Parattarna, Paršatar, or Parshatatar is the first known King of Mitanni and is considered to have reigned, as per middle chronology between c. 1510 and 1490 BC by J. A. Belmonte-Marin quoting H. Klengel.[1] He is also said to have ruled during the peak of Mitanni, and during its greatest extent.
Reign
[edit | edit source]Very few records of him are known as sources from Mitanni are rare. Most information we have about the kingdom, especially its early history and kings come from records outside of the state.[2] Dates for the kings can be deduced by comparing the chronology of Mitanni and other states, especially ancient Egypt, at a later date and working back the figures.[3] Information is found in the biography of Idrimi of Alalakh (or Alalah, which became the capital of Aleppo[4]). Barattarna conquered the area and made Idrimi his vassal, Idrimi becoming king of Aleppo according to a treaty that also declared Pilliya, the king of Kizzuwatna, his vassal.[5][6] Mitanni in his time probably extended as far as Arrapha in the east, Terqa in the south, and Kizzuwatna in the West.[7][8] Barattarna may have been[citation needed] the Mitannian king the Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmosis I met at the Euphrates River in a campaign early in his reign (around 1493).[9]
Kizzuwatna
[edit | edit source]Pilliya, the king of Kizzuwatna, apparently signed a treaty with Idrimi and became a vassal of the Mitanni Empire.[10] He is also known to have entered peace with Zidanta II of Hatti.[11]
Death
[edit | edit source]Information about his death is mentioned in a record from Nuzi dated to the death of king Barattarna, possibly around 1420, as per short chronology.[12]
Alternative views
[edit | edit source]Several scholars disagree with the views as expressed above. For example, according to Eva von Dassow (2022), “Barattarna/Parattarna” and “Paršatar/Parshatatar” of Mitanni[13] are two different kings. Furthermore there are two kings named as “Barattarna/Parattarna”.[14]
In the chart accompanying her article (p.471), von Dassow gives the following sequence of the kings of Mitanni.
- Parattarna I, Parsatatar, Saustatar, Saitarna, Parattarna II
In her chart, the start of Parattarna I’s rule is associated with Idrimi of Alalakh, and the start of Saustatar’s rule is associated with his son Niqmepa. Additionally, Kingdom of Khana ruler at Terqa Qis-Addu is shown to have ruled at the time of three Mitanni kings, Saustatar, Saitarna, and Parattarna II.[15]
See also
[edit | edit source]Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 392: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').
References
[edit | edit source]- ^ Belmonte-Marin, Juan Antonio, (2015). "Reflexiones sobre el territorio de Cárquemis durante el periodo mittanio", in Orientalística en tiempos de crísis, Pórtico, Zaragoza, p. 59.
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Van De Mieroop, 150.
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Magnetti, Donald L. “The Function of the Oath in the Ancient Near Eastern International Treaty.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 72, no. 4, 1978, pp. 815–29
- ^ Beal, Richard H. “The History of Kizzuwatna and the Date of the Šunaššura Treaty.” Orientalia, vol. 55, no. 4, 1986, pp. 424–45
- ^ HOUWINK TEN CATE, PHILO H. J.. "An alternative Date for the Sunassuras Treaty (KBo 1.5)" Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 25, no. 1, 1998, pp. 34-53
- ^ Van De Mieroop, 151.
- ^ Bryce, 125
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ CTH 25
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ As spelled in this Wikipedia article.
- ^ Eva von Dassow 2022, Mittani and Its Empire. Pages 455–528, in From the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC. Vol. 3 of The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East. Edited by Karen Radner et al. New York: Oxford University Press. p.471
- ^ [1]Yamada, Shigeo, "An adoption contract from Tell Taban, the kings of the land of Hana, and the Hana-style scribal tradition", Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale 105.1, pp. 61-84, 2011