Paramaccan people
 Meeting under a pole dwelling in Langatabiki (1947) | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 11,000[1] (2014, est.) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Paramacca, Suriname | 4,300 |
| Urban French Guiana | 3,900 |
| Languages | |
| Paramaccan | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity, Winti | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Ndyuka | |
| Granman of the Paramaccan people | |
|---|---|
since 2020 | |
| Residence | Langatabiki |
The Paramaccan or Paramaka (French: Pamak[3]) are a Maroon tribe living in the forested interior of Suriname, mainly in the Paramacca resort,[4][5] and the western border area of French Guiana.[3] The Paramaccan signed a peace treaty in 1872 granting the tribe autonomy.
Overview
[edit | edit source]The administrative centre for the tribe is located in Snesiekondre,[6] but the main village of the resort is Langatabiki which is also the residence of the granman (paramount chief) of the Paramaccan people.[7] The tribe controls 13 villages in Suriname,[8] and the village of Providence in neighbouring French Guiana.[9]
The total population in 2014 was estimated at 11,000 people with 4,300 people living in the tribal areas in Suriname, and 1,000 living in the interior of French Guiana.[1]
History
[edit | edit source]The Paramaccans were runaway slaves from the Handtros or Entros plantation who fled around 1830.[10] In 1856, the August Kappler reported that the tribe had established villages near the Paramacca Creek.[11] In 1872, they had signed a peace treaty with the Dutch colony giving the tribe autonomy,[12] and Frans Kwaku, the leader of the expedition to Paramaribo, was officially appointed granman by the Governor.[11] In 1879, a group of about 90 Paramaccans led by Apensa created a settlement on an island in the Marowijne River near the mouth of the Paramacca Creek. The town was named Langatabiki (Long Island).[13] During the Surinamese Interior War, the Paramaccans sided with the Jungle Commando,[14] which resulted in a large migration to French Guiana.[3]
Language
[edit | edit source]Paramaccan is also the eponymous term for their language, which is English-based[15] with influences from Dutch, African languages,[16] and other languages. It is similar to the languages spoken by the Ndyuka and Kwinti, and mutually intelligible with Sranan Tongo.[17] Paramaccan is the youngest of the Surinamese pidgin languages.[18] The language had an estimated 2,000 to 3,000 speakers in 1991.[19]
Villages
[edit | edit source]- Langatabiki (Suriname)
- Lokaloka (Suriname)
- Nason (Suriname)
- Providence (French Guiana)
- Snesiekondre (Suriname)
See also
[edit | edit source]Brother Mambo: Finding Africa in the Amazon, JD Lenoir with Phil Ceder (Kutukutu), Black Rose Writer, 2022.
References
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- ^ a b c Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Plan Bureau 2014, p. 169.
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Marten & Schalkwijk 2018, p. 3.
- ^ a b Marten & Schalkwijk 2018, p. 19.
- ^ Marten & Schalkwijk 2018, p. 19, :"Original publication:Koloniaal Verslag van 1872 page 543"
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Thoden van Velzen 1988, p. 215.
- ^ Borges 2014, p. 124.
- ^ Borges 2014, p. 167.
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Borges 2014, p. 187.
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
Bibliography
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