Open-mid back unrounded vowel
(Redirected from Open-mid unrounded back vowel)
| Open-mid back unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ʌ | |
| IPA number | 314 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ʌ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+028C |
| X-SAMPA | V |
| Braille | ⠬ (braille pattern dots-346) |
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
The open-mid back unrounded vowel or low-mid back unrounded vowel[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʌ⟩, graphically a rotated lowercase "v" (called a turned V but created as a small-capital ⟨ᴀ⟩ without the crossbar, even though some vendors display it as a real turned v). Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as a "wedge", "caret" or "hat". In transcriptions for English, this symbol is commonly used for the near-open central unrounded vowel and in transcriptions for Danish, it is used for the open back rounded vowel.
Features
[edit | edit source]- Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
- Its place of articulation is pharyngeal, which means it is articulated with the tongue root against the back of the throat (the pharynx).
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
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Occurrence
[edit | edit source]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ajië[2] | kë | [kʌˀ] | 'pot' | Distinct from /ə/ | |
| Catalan | Solsonès[3] | tarda | [ˈtaɾð̞ʌ̃ː] | 'afternoon' | Realization of final unstressed /ə/ |
| Danish | slot | [ˈslʌt] | 'castle' | Usually transcribed as /ɒ/ but more mid-centralized [ɒ̽]. | |
| Emilian | most Emilian dialects[4] | Bulåggna | [buˈlʌɲːɐ] | 'Bologna' | It corresponds to a sound between /ɔ/ to /ä/; written ò in some spellings |
| English | Cape Town[5] | lot | [lʌt] | 'lot' | It corresponds to a weakly rounded [ɒ̈] in all other South African dialects. See South African English phonology |
| Natal[5] | |||||
| Cardiff[6] | thought | [θʌːt] | 'thought' | For some speakers it may be rounded and closer. See English phonology | |
| General South African[7] | no | [nʌː] | 'no' | May be a diphthong [ʌʊ̯] instead.[8] See South African English phonology | |
| General American[9] | gut | Audio file "En-us-inlandnorth-gut.ogg" not found | 'gut' | In some dialects, fronted to [ɜ], or fronted and lowered to [ɐ]. In Standard Southern British English, [ʌ] is increasingly heard in place of [ɐ] to avoid the trap–strut merger.[10] See English phonology and Northern Cities Vowel Shift | |
| Inland Northern American[11] | |||||
| Multicultural London[12] | |||||
| Newfoundland[13] | |||||
| Northern East Anglian[14] | |||||
| Philadelphia[15] | |||||
| Scottish[16] | |||||
| Some Estuary English speakers[17] | |||||
| Some Standard Southern British speakers[10] | |||||
| French | Picardy[18] | alors | [aˈlʌʀ̥] | 'so' | Corresponding to /ɔ/ in standard French. |
| German | Chemnitz dialect[19] | machen | [ˈmʌχɴ̩] | 'to do' | Allophone of /ʌ, ʌː/ (which phonetically are central [ɜ, ɜː])[20] before and after /ŋ, kʰ, k, χ, ʁ/. Exact backness varies; it is most posterior before /χ, ʁ/.[21] |
| Haida[22] | ḵwaáay | [qʷʰʌʔáːj] | 'the rock' | Allophone of /a/ (sometimes also /aː/) after uvular and epiglottal consonants.[23] | |
| Irish | Ulster dialect[24] | ola | [ʌl̪ˠə] | 'oil' | See Irish phonology |
| Kaingang[25] | [ˈɾʌ] | 'mark' | Varies between back [ʌ] and central [ɜ].[26] | ||
| Kashmiri | از | [ʌz] | 'today' | Allophone of [ɐ]. Used only in monosyllables. Typical of the Srinagar variety. | |
| Kensiu[27] | [hʌʎ] | 'stream' | |||
| Korean[28] | 너 / neo | [nʌ̹] | 'you' | See Korean phonology | |
| Lillooet | [example needed] | Retracted counterpart of /ə/. | |||
| Mah Meri[29] | [example needed] | Allophone of /ə/; can be mid central [ə] or close-mid back [ɤ] instead.[29] | |||
| Nepali | असल/asal | [ʌsʌl] | 'good' | See Nepali phonology | |
| Norwegian | Solør[30] | fäss | [fʌs] | 'waterfall' | In traditional dialect transcriptions, this vowel is written consequently as ⟨ä⟩, and has existed as a separate vowel in addition to ⟨æ⟩, [æ]. This is because ⟨ä⟩ has evolved from an unrounding of short ⟨o⟩. ⟨ä⟩ has morphed to [æ] with younger speakers. |
| Portuguese | Greater Lisbon area[31] | leite | [ˈɫ̪ʌjt̪ɨ̞] | 'milk' | Allophone of /ɐ/ before /i/ (forming a phonetic diphthong [ʌj]). Corresponds to [e] in other accents.[31] See Portuguese phonology |
| Russian | Standard Saint Petersburg[32] | голова/golová | [ɡəɫ̪ʌˈvä] | 'head' | Corresponds to [ɐ] in standard Moscow pronunciation;[32] occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology |
| Scottish Gaelic | Barra[33] | duine | [ˈt̪ɯɲʌ] | 'person' | Dialectal allophone of [ə] in word-final position. |
| Tamil[34] | [example needed] | Nasalized. Phonetic realization of the sequence /am/, may be [õ] or [ã] instead.[34] See Tamil phonology | |||
| Xavante[35] | [jʌm] | 'seed' | The nasal version [ʌ̃] also occurs.[35] | ||
Before World War II, the /ʌ/ of Received Pronunciation was phonetically close to a back vowel [ʌ], which has since shifted forward towards [ɐ] (a near-open central unrounded vowel). Daniel Jones reported his speech (southern British) as having an advanced back vowel [ʌ̟] between his central /ə/ and back /ɔ/; however, he also reported that other southern speakers had a lower and even more advanced vowel that approached cardinal [a].[36] In American English varieties, such as in the West, the Midwest, and the urban South, the typical phonetic realization of the phoneme /ʌ/ is an open-mid central [ɜ].[37][38] Truly backed variants of /ʌ/ that are phonetically [ʌ] can occur in Inland Northern American English, Newfoundland English, Philadelphia English, some of African-American English, and (old-fashioned) white Southern American English in coastal plain and Piedmont areas.[39][40] However, the letter ⟨ʌ⟩ is still commonly used to indicate this phoneme, even in the more common varieties with central variants [ɐ] or [ɜ]. That may be because of both tradition and some other dialects retaining the older pronunciation.[41]
Notes
[edit | edit source]- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b Lass (2002), p. 115.
- ^ Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
- ^ Wells (1982), pp. 614, 621.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 614.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 485.
- ^ a b Cruttenden (2014), p. 122.
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Cruttenden (2014), p. 91.
- ^ Thomas (2001), pp. 27–28, 61–63.
- ^ Trudgill (2004), p. 167.
- ^ Thomas (2001), pp. 27–28, 73–74.
- ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
- ^ Altendorf & Watt (2004), p. 188.
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Khan & Weise (2013), pp. 235, 238.
- ^ Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
- ^ Khan & Weise (2013), p. 238.
- ^ Lawrence (1977), pp. 32–33.
- ^ Lawrence (1977), pp. 32–33, 36.
- ^ Ní Chasaide (1999), pp. 114–115.
- ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
- ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676, 682.
- ^ Bishop (1996), p. 230.
- ^ Lee (1999).
- ^ a b Kruspe & Hajek (2009), p. 245.
- ^ Borg (1987), p. 10.
- ^ a b Cruz-Ferreira (1995), pp. 91–2.
- ^ a b Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 225.
- ^ Borgstrøm (1937), p. 76.
- ^ a b Keane (2004), p. 114.
- ^ a b Nikulin & Carvalho (2019), p. 263.
- ^ Jones (1972), pp. 86–88.
- ^ Gordon (2004b), p. 340.
- ^ Tillery & Bailey (2004), p. 333.
- ^ Thomas (2001), pp. 27–28, 112–115, 121, 134, 174.
- ^ Gordon (2004a), pp. 294–296.
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 135.
References
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