Yazılı, Han
Yazılı | |
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 Street in Yazılı village | |
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| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Eskişehir |
| District | Han |
| Population (2022) | 45 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Area code | 0222 |
Yazılı (also: Yazılıkaya, lit. 'inscribed rock'), Phrygian Yazılıkaya, or Midas Kenti (Midas city) is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Han, Eskişehir Province, Turkey.[1] Its population is 45 (2022).[2] It is located about 27 km south of Seyitgazi, 66 km south of Eskişehir, and 51 km north of Afyonkarahisar. It is known for its Phrygian archaeological remains and inscription mentioning Midas.
The ancient remains consist of a settlement, sometimes Midas City and a number of rock-cut reliefs, of which the most famous is the Midas Monument, formerly identified as the tomb of Midas.[3][4] There are two other rock-cut reliefs, known as the Unfinished monument and the Hyacinth monuments.[4]
The Midas Monument
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The most prominent feature of the site is the Midas Monument, a high rock-cut facade in the cliff face of the citadel.[5] The relief takes the form of a pedimented temple front with acroteria, and an abstract geometric design which appears to imitate the terra cotta facings of buildings. There is a niche at the bottom center, with walls bearing graffiti that read MATAR (Mother, i.e. the goddess Cybele) and it probably held a statue of Cybele.[6]
The monument carries a dedication in Old Phrygian by Ates son of Arkias to Midas.[6][11] The inscription mentions Midas with his titles: MIDAI LAVAGTAEI VANAKTEI, probably meaning "leader of the people" and "ruler".[10] The inscription is:
ATES... MIDAI LAVAGTAEI VANAKTEI EDAES
Ates.... has dedicated (this monument) to Midas, lavagtas and vanax.[9]
The name Ates, a variant of Attis, is a prominent name in Phrygia, associated with royalty. The fact that the dedication is made to Midas may indicate that he had received posthumous ruler cult.[12]
Various indications place the date of the monument's construction in the early to mid seventh century BC, as one of the first in a series of rock cut monuments to be built in western Phrygia. The inscription probably indicates that the monument was erected after the death of Midas in the early seventh century BC. Another inscription, on the right side of the monument includes the letter yodh, which was added to the Phrygian alphabet in the mid-sixth century BC. It shows that the monument was complete before this date, since it was added after the monument was finished. The abstract designs on the facade are stylistically comparable to architectural terracottas of central Anatolia dating from before ca. 600 BC.[6][11][13]
Excavation history
[edit | edit source]The site was excavated by the French Archaeological Institute immediately before and after the Second World War, and also in the 1990s by the Eskişehir Museum.[14][15]
Notes
[edit | edit source]- ^ https://muze.gov.tr/muze-detay?SectionId=EMO01&DistId=MRK
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ William Mitchell Ramsay, 1890, cited in Munn, p. 70
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- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b c Munn, p. 77
- ^ Баюн Л. С., Орёл В. Э. Язык фригийских надписей как исторический источник. In Вестник древней истории. 1988, № 1. pp. 175-177.
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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- ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b Bienkowski
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Midas City Archived 2012-07-03 at the Wayback Machine, "Digital Gordion", Gordion Archaeological Project, University of Pennsylvania. Includes good images.
- ^ A. Gabriel, Phrygie, Exploration archéologique 2,4 1952; G.H.E. Haspels, Phrygie, Exploration archeologique III, La Cite de Midas, Ceramique et trouvailles
Bibliography
[edit | edit source]- Piotr Bienkowski, Alan Millard, Dictionary of the Ancient Near East, p. 198.
- Albert Gabriel, "Au sujet du «Monument de Midas»", Comptes rendus de l'académie des inscriptions 94:2:202-208 (1950)
- C.H.E. Haspels, The Highlands of Phrygia: Sites and Monuments, 1971, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
- Mark Henderson Munn, The Mother of the Gods, Athens, And the Tyranny of Asia
- William Mitchell Ramsay, "The Rock Necropoleis of Phrygia", Journal of Hellenic Studies 3, 1882.
External links
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- Midas City at Phrygian Monuments.
- Yazilikaya - Midas Sehri[permanent dead link] at the TAY Project (Archaeological Settlements of Turkey)
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