Jat Muslim

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Jat Muslim
Total population
~21 million (see below)
Regions with significant populations
File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan~21 million (2009 estimation)[1]
File:Flag of India.svg India~240,000 (1988 estimation)[2]
Languages
Punjabi • Sindhi • Jatki • Urdu • Khariboli • Haryanvi • Bagri • Hindi
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Jats

Jat Muslim, or Musalman Jats (Punjabi: مسلمان جٹ; Sindhi: مسلمان جت), are an elastic and diverse[3] ethnoreligious subgroup of the Jat people, who follow Islam and are native to the northwestern Indian subcontinent.[4] They are primarily found in the Pakistani provinces of Punjab, Sindh and Azad Kashmir.[5] A small minority is also present in India's Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh, where they are referred to as Muley Jats.[6]

The Jats began embracing Islam during the medieval period, influenced in part by Sufi teachings. According to the Jawahir-i-Faridi, Jat clans such as the Khokhars, Bhattis, Dhudhis, Hans, Johiyas, and Wattus converted during the time of Baba Farid.[7][8] The process of conversion was gradual.[9]

History

File:Abbasid Dinar - al-Ma'mun - 208 AH (823 AD).jpg
A gold dinar minted by the Zutt Emir Ubaydallah ibn al-Sari
File:Sadullah Khan giving audience, c1655.jpg
Grand Vizier Saadullah Khan meeting with his officials
File:Nawab Faizullah Khan.png
Portrait of Faizullah Khan, the founder of Rampur State
For the historical Jat community in medieval Iraq, see Zutt.

The Jats were one of the first communities of the Subcontinent to interact with the Muslims. They were known as the Zuṭṭ (Arabic: الزُّطِّ),[10][11][12] although this term also referred to several other groups—such as the Sāyabija, Andāghar, and Qufs—not all of whom were necessarily ethnic Jats.[13] The Zutt were originally from the Indus Valley, but had been settling in lower Iraq since the reign of Bahram V.[14] Following the failed Zutt Rebellion, the Zutt lost their power and distinct identity.[15] They ceased their migrations into Iraq following the fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Arabs had noted several agglomerations of Jats settled throughout the province of Sind.[16]

Between the 11th and 16th centuries, some Sindhi Jats migrated up into Punjab.[17][18] Many clans have traditions of converting to Islam during this period, influenced by Sufis like Baba Farid.[19] By the 16th century, many Punjabi clans west of the Ravi river had converted.[20] Despite conversion, many Jats continued to resist foreign Muslim imperial powers such as the Timurids,[21][22] Mughals,[23] and Surs.[24][25] Meanwhile, others chose to cooperate with the Muslim rulers to advance their own interests.

During the Delhi Sultanate, Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq was appointed as the governor of Multan, and later of Dipalpur. His early forces were primarily composed of Jat tribesmen recruited from Dipalpur, who fought alongside him in all his campaigns.[26]

During Mughal rule, Jats came to own considerable land and exert local influence.[16][27] The Mughals never had direct control over many of these rural grandees.[18] Some also obtained high positions, such as Grand Vizier and Vakil-i-Mutlaq, Saadullah Khan,[28][29] Faujdar of Sialkot, Rahmat Khan Bajwa,[30][31] prominent Jagirdar, Rai Muhammad Jani Malhi,[32] and governor of Gujrat, Rehmat Khan Warraich.[33]

As the Mughal empire began to decline, various groups vied to fill the resulting power vacuum.[18] Among them were several ambitious Muslim Jat chiefs and princes. In Rohilkhand, the Rohilla Nawabs established the Kingdom of Rohilkhand and the Rampur State.[34][35][36][37] In the Deccan, a descendant of Saadullah Khan, Muzaffar Jang Hidayat, briefly became the Nizam of Hyderabad.[38][39] And in Punjab, the Gondal Jats of the Gondal Bar resisted Nader Shah,[22] while the Pakpattan and Chattha states resisted the expanding Sikh Misls.[40][41] With the establishment of the British Raj, all formerly independent or autonomous polities were either annexed or integrated into the colonial empire as princely states.

During British rule, many Punjabi Muslims, including Jats, would enlist in the British Indian Army.[42][43] Most were recruited from the Pothohar Plateau.[44]

Certain Punjabi Jat families—such as the Mokals, Nakais, and Pahuwindias—had strong ties to the Lahore Durbar before their conversion to Islam, which granted them significant influence in the districts of Lahore, Kasur, Sahiwal, and Okara. Despite their conversion and the subsequent Partition of Punjab, these families maintained much of their social and political standing. Notable figures from these lineages include Habibullah Khan Mokal, Muhammad Arif Nakai, and Ahmed Said Pahuwindia.[45]

Demographics

File:EB1911 India - wife with izār, kurta, and orhni; husband with majba, chadar, and joridar.jpg
Mahommedan Jat cultivators. Wife:—with izār, kurta, and orhni or chadar; husband:—with majba, chadar, and joridar pagri. “India,” Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), 1911.

British Punjab

As per the 1921 census, 47.3% of the Jats followed Islam in British Punjab, as compared to 33% who were Sikhs and 19% who were Hindus.[46] In the 1931 census, the total Muslim Jat population was 2,941,395 (out of British Punjab's total population of 28,490,857).[47]

The former Punjab Province of British India extended beyond the borders of present-day Punjab in both Pakistan and India, encompassing regions that are now parts of the modern-day Indian states of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Chandigarh and Jammu and Kashmir, in addition to today’s Punjab.

Pakistan and India

In 1988, Sukhbir Singh estimated the total Muslim Jat population to be around 13 million in Pakistan and 240,000 in India. He extrapolated these numbers from older British censuses, and factored in the natural population growth in both countries. In terms of percentages by religious affiliation, Sukhbir Singh also wrote that Jat Muslims form the largest subgroup, amounting to 42% of all Jats in the Indian subcontinent, followed by Hindus (33%) and Sikhs (25%).[2]

In 2009, the Pakistani Jat population was estimated to be roughly 21 million.[1] The Jats, together with Rajputs and Gujjars, are the dominant Punjabi Muslim communities settled across eastern Pakistan.[48]

Notable people

See also

References

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  6. ^ Gupta, Dipankar (1997). Rivalry and Brotherhood: Politics in the Life of Farmers in Northern India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997. pp. 2, 34, 44-47, 50, 57, 60, 63–65, 82–85, 87, 124, 160. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
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  10. ^ Maclean, Derryl N. (1984). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. McGill University. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).. Pg. 45.
  11. ^ Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad (1994). "Early Arab Contact with South Asia". Journal of Islamic Studies. 5 (1): 52–69. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).. JSTOR 26196673. Pg. 57.
  12. ^ ʿAthamina, Khalil (1998). "Non-Arab Regiments and Private Militias during the Umayyād Period"]. Arabica. 45 (3): 347–378. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).. Pg. 355. JSTOR 4057316
  13. ^ Zakeri, Mohsen (1995). Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʻAyyārān and Futuwwa. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).. Pg. 123, 195, 196.
  14. ^ Wink, André (2002). Al-Hind, The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th-13th Centuries. Vol. 2. Boston: Brill. p. 48, 157. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).. OCLC 48837811.
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  17. ^ Grewal, J. S. (1998), The Sikhs of the Punjab, Cambridge University Press, p. 5, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)., retrieved 12 November 2011 Quote: "... the most numerous of the agricultural tribes (in the Punjab) were the Jats. They had come from Sindh and Rajasthan along the river valleys, moving up, displacing the Gujjars and the Rajputs to occupy culturable lands. (page 5)"
  18. ^ a b c Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 269. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
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  20. ^ Gandhi, Rajmohan (2015). Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten. Rupa. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
  21. ^ Elliot, Henry Miers (1959). The History of India: As Told by Its Own Historians; the Muhammadan Period; the Posthumous Papers of H. M. Elliot, Volume 3. Susil Gupta (India) Private, 1959. pp. 428–429. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).. "...[Timur] learned that they were a robust race, and were called Jats. They were Musulmáns only in name and had not their equals in theft and robbery. They plundered caravans on the road, and were a terror to Musulmáns and travellers... these turbulent Jats were as numerous as ants or locusts... [Timur] marched into the jungles and wilds, and slew 2,000 demon-like Jats."
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  24. ^ Sarvānī, ʻAbbās Khān (1974). Tārīk̲h̲-i-Śēr Śāhī. Translated by Brahmadeva Prasad Ambashthya. K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute, 1974. Archived. Quote: "[Suri] ordered Habibat Khan to be rid of Fath Khan Jat who was in QABūLA and who had once laid the entire country right upto Panipat to pillage and plunder in the time of the Mughals and had made them desolate, and had also brought Multan under his control after wresting it from the Balūcīs."
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  27. ^ Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 269. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  29. ^ a b Beveridge H. (1952). The Maathir Ul Umara Vol-ii (1952). The Calcutta Oriental Press Ltd. p. 647.
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  47. ^ “Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables.” Census Reports - 1931, 1933., 1933. JSTOR. Accessed 7 Nov. 2024. Page 290.
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