Close back unrounded vowel

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For the letter, see Ɯ.
Not to be confused with the Armenian letter ա (U+0561), the Cyrillic letter ш (U+0448), or the Tamil letter ய (U+0BAF).

Close back unrounded vowel
ɯ
IPA number316
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɯ
Unicode (hex)U+026F
X-SAMPAM
Braille⠲ (braille pattern dots-256)⠥ (braille pattern dots-136)

The close back unrounded vowel, or high back unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɯ⟩. Typographically, it is a turned letter ⟨m⟩.

The close back unrounded vowel can in many cases be considered the vocalic equivalent of the voiced velar approximant [ɰ].

Features

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  • Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
  • Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
File:Spectrogram of close back unrounded vowel (IPA ɯ).png
Spectrogram of [ɯ]

Occurrence

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Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Acehnese[2] eu [ɯ] 'see' Also described as closer to [ɨ].[3][4]
Arara[5] îput [ɯput̚] 'my skin' Frequent realisation of /ɨ/.[5]
Arbëresh Arbëreshë [ɑɾbɯɾeʃ] 'Arbëreshë' /ə/ in standard Albanian.
Azerbaijani bahalı / باهالیٛ [bɑhɑˈɫɯ] 'expensive' Closer to an [ɘ].[6]
Bashkir ҡыҙ / قىُث / qıđ [qɯð] 'girl'
Chinese Mandarin 刺 / cì [t͡sʰɯ˥˩] 'thorn'
Wuhan dialect, Southwestern Mandarin 去 / keu [kʰɯ] 'to go'
Some Wu dialects 父 / vu [vɯ] 'father'
Xiang 火 / xu [xɯ] 'fire'
Chuvash ыхра / ıxra [ɯɣra] 'garlic'
Crimean Tatar джаным / canım [dʒanɯm] 'my dear'
English Some California speakers[7] goose [ɡɯˑs] 'goose' Corresponds to [uː] in other dialects.
New Zealand[8][9] treacle [ˈtɹ̝̊iːkɯ] 'treacle' Possible realization of the unstressed vowel /ɯ/, which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to (more often) back and close to close-mid.[8][9] Corresponds to /əl/ in other accents. Develops from dark L; See New Zealand English phonology
Some Philadelphia speakers[10] plus [pɫ̥ɯs] 'plus' Used by some speakers; the exact height and backness is variable.[10] It corresponds to [ʌ] in other accents. See English phonology
South African[11] pill [pʰɯ̞ɫ] 'pill' Near-close; possible allophone of /ɪ/ before the velarised allophone of /l/.[11] See South African English phonology
Eastern Khanty Vakh-Vasyugan[12] пӛӈк [pɯŋk] 'hazel grouse' See Eastern Khanty phonology
Estonian[13] kõrv [kɯrv] 'ear' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩; can be close-mid central [ɘ] or close-mid back [ɤ] instead, depending on the speaker.[13] See Estonian phonology
Irish Ulster caol [kʰɯːl̪ˠ] 'narrow' See Irish phonology
Japanese[14] 空気 / kūki <phonos file="ja-kuuki.ogg">[kɯːki]</phonos> 'air' May be compressed [ɯᵝ].[15] See Japanese phonology
Katukina[16] [babɯˈdʒɯ] 'oscar (fish)'
Kazakh қыс / qys / قىس [qɯs] 'winter' May be pronounced as qəs
Korean[17] 음식 飮食 / eumsik [ɯːmɕ͈ik̚] 'food' See Korean phonology
Kurdish Kurmanji (Northern) tirş [tˤɯɾʃ] 'sour' See Kurdish phonology. The "i" after "t" always uses this sound if the "t" is "tˤ". However, it can also appear at other places.
Sorani (Central) ترش / tirş
Kyrgyz кыз / قىز / qyz [qɯz] 'girl' See Kyrgyz phonology
Panará[18] [tɯˈsəʰ] 'to breathe'
Romanian Some speakers când [kɯnd] 'when' Typically described as ⟨ɨ⟩. See Romanian phonology
Scottish Gaelic caol [kʰɯːl̪ˠ] 'thin' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Sop düm [dɯm] 'tree' See Sop language
Tamil அழகு / aḻagu [əɻəgɯ] 'beauty'
Thai Standard[19] ขึ้น / khuen/khîn [kʰɯn˥˩] 'to go up'
Turkish[20] sığ <phonos file="Tr-sığ.ogg">[sɯː]</phonos> 'shallow' Described variously as close back [ɯ],[20] near-close near-back [ɯ̞][21] and close central [ɨ].[22] See Turkish phonology
Turkmen ýaşyl / یاشیٛل [jɑːˈʃɯl] 'green'
Uyghur تىلىم / tılım/tilim [tɯlɯm] 'my language' In complementary distribution with /ɪ/. See Uyghur phonology
Vietnamese tư [tɯ] 'fourth' See Vietnamese phonology

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  5. ^ a b Alves (2013), p. 269.
  6. ^ Ghaffarvand-Mokari & Werner 2016, p. 514.
  7. ^ Ladefoged (1999), pp. 42–43.
  8. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  9. ^ a b Bauer & Warren (2004), p. 585.
  10. ^ a b Gordon (2004), p. 290.
  11. ^ a b Bowerman (2004), p. 936.
  12. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  13. ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009), p. 369.
  14. ^ Labrune (2012), p. 25.
  15. ^ Okada (1999), p. 118.
  16. ^ dos Anjos (2012), p. 129.
  17. ^ Lee (1999), p. 122.
  18. ^ Vasconcelos (2013), p. 182.
  19. ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 24.
  20. ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
  21. ^ Kiliç & Öğüt (2004)
  22. ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155)

References

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  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).. ISBN 0-52128541-0 .
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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