Sha'ar HaAmakim
Sha'ar HaAmakim | |
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| Sha'ar HaAmakim in 2008 Sha'ar HaAmakim in 2008 | |
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| Grid position | 160/236 PAL |
| Country | Israel |
| District | Haifa |
| Council | Zevulun |
| Affiliation | Kibbutz Movement |
| Founded | 1935 |
| Founded by | Romanian and Yugoslav Jews |
| Population (2023)[1] | 794 |
Sha'ar HaAmakim (Hebrew: שַׁעַר הַעֲמָקִים, lit. 'Gate of the Valleys') is a kibbutz in northern Israel associated with the Hashomer Hatzair movement founded in 1935. Located near Kiryat Tiv'on, it falls under the jurisdiction of Zevulun Regional Council. In 2023 it had a population of 794.[1]
History
[edit | edit source]Antiquity
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Human habitation in the area dates at least as far back as the Hellenistic period.[2] Although the site, in recent history, has borne the name of Ḫirbet el-Ḥârithîye, it is thought by modern-day archaeologists to have been the Second Temple-period site known as Geba / Gibea (Greek: Γάβα), based on Josephus' description of distances between Geba and Simonias and Beit She'arim (Roman-era Jewish village) in Lower Galilee.[3][4][5]
Crusades
[edit | edit source]In 1283, during the hudna ("truce") between the Crusaders based in Acre and the Mamluk sultan al-Mansur Qalawun, this location was named el Harathiyah and was described as part of the domain of the Crusaders.[6]
Ottoman rule
[edit | edit source]During the Ottoman era, a Muslim village at the site was named el Hâritheh.[7] The village appeared as El Harti on the map of Pierre Jacotin compiled in 1799.[8] In 1859, the population was recorded as 120 with tillable land of 12 feddans.[9] In 1875, Victor Guérin reported about 40 houses.[10] In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described it as an adobe hamlet.[9]
A population list from about 1887 showed that Harithiyeh had about 120 inhabitants; all Muslims.[11]
British Mandate
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In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, the Al Zubaidat, who cultivated the Hartieh land, numbered 363, all Muslims.[12]
The area was acquired by the Jewish community as part of the Sursock Purchase. In 1925 a Zionist organisation purchased 50 feddans in Hartieh from the Sursock family of Beirut. At the time, there were 60 families living there.[13] In the 1931 census, the Arab Zubeidat was counted under the Shefa-'Amr suburbs.[14]
From 1931, and lasting several years, the Jewish Agency struggled to evict the Arab El Zubeidat, who were tenant farmers at Hartiya.[15][16][17] According to Avneri, Hartiya land was to become Sha'ar HaAmakim.[15] According to the Department of Statistics, however, Sha'ar HaAmakim had previously been part of Sheikh Bureik.[18][19]
Kibbutz Sha'ar HaAmakim was founded in 1935 by immigrants from Romania and Yugoslavia. One of its founders was Aharon Cohen,[20] later to be convicted of spying for the Soviet Union. Its name was derived from the nearby confluence of the Jezreel and Zevulun valleys.[21] By the 1945 statistics it had a population of 360, all Jews.[18][19]
State of Israel
[edit | edit source]Sha'ar HaAmakim hosted volunteers from around the world, including France and the United States, who worked at the kibbutz and participated in cultural exchanges.[22] In the 1960s, there were up to 100 volunteers each year.[23] Bernie Sanders spent time at the kibbutz for several months in 1963.[24][23][25]
Economy
[edit | edit source]According to a 2016 report, the kibbutz derives most of its income from its solar water heater factory. Additional sources of income include agriculture, such as dairy farming.[22] For over five decades, the kibbutz has produced and processed sunflower seeds which it markets under its name both in Israel and for export.[26] It also has a fish pond and orchards producing apples, peaches, and pears.[23]
References
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- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Dvorjetski, Esti (2009)
- ^ Mazar (Maisler), B. (1957), p. 19; HUCA xxiv (1952/3), pp. 75–81; Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Cf. Josephus, Vita § 24; The Jewish War (3.3.1)
- ^ Barag, 1979, p. 204
- ^ ”the ploughed land”, Palmer, 1881, p. 109
- ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 163 Archived 28 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 270
- ^ Guérin, 1880, pp. 399-400
- ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 175
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 34
- ^ List of villages sold by Sursocks and their partners to the Zionists since British occupation of Palestine Evidence to the Shaw Commission, 1930
- ^ Mills, 1932, p. 90.
- ^ a b Avneri, 1984, pp. 156-7
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- ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 15
- ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 49
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ History Sha'ar HaAmakim Seeds
- ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Bernie Sanders Stint at 'Stalinist' Kibbutz Draws Red-Baiting From Right, Nathan Guttman, February 5, 2016 The Forward
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
Bibliography
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- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). (reprinted from 1944 edition)
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External links
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- Lua error in Module:Official_website at line 94: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). (in Hebrew)
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 5: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- Kibbutz Sha'ar HaAmakim Collection (in Hebrew) on the Digital collections of Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library, University of Haifa
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