Eruca sativa
| Eruca sativa | |
|---|---|
| File:Eruca sativa sl11.jpg | |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Brassicales |
| Family: | Brassicaceae |
| Genus: | Eruca |
| Species: | E. sativa
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| Binomial name | |
| Eruca sativa | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Rocket, eruca,[2] or arugula (Eruca sativa) is an edible annual plant in the family Brassicaceae used as a leaf vegetable for its fresh, tart, bitter, and peppery flavour. Its other common names include salad rocket[3] and garden rocket[4] (in the UK, Australia, South Africa, Ireland, and New Zealand),[2] as well as colewort, roquette, ruchetta, rucola, rucoli, and rugula. It is native to the Mediterranean region, namely Algeria, Turkey, Spain, Bulgaria, France, Greece, Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Italy, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, Portugal, Morocco, Malta, Ukraine, Iran, India, and Pakistan[5]. Its commonality and sharp flavor make it widely popular as a salad vegetable.[6][2][7]
Some botanists consider it a subspecies of Eruca vesicaria.[4] However, they are different in many morphological aspects, such as sepal persistence, silique shape, and habit. Most importantly, they do not hybridise freely with each other as there is partial reproductive isolation between them.[8] The Plants of the World Online database has accepted Eruca sativa as a distinct species.[1]
Description
[edit | edit source]Eruca sativa is an annual plant[9] growing to 20 to 100 cm (8 to 40 in) in height. The pinnate leaves are deeply lobed with four to ten small, lateral lobes and a large terminal lobe. The flowers are 2 to 4 cm (3⁄4 to 1+1⁄2 in) in diameter, arranged in a corymb, with the typical Brassicaceae flower structure. The petals are creamy white with purple veins, and the stamens are yellow. The fruit is a siliqua (pod) 12 to 25 mm (1⁄2 to 1 in) long with an apical beak, containing several seeds. The species has a chromosome number of 2n = 22.[2][4][10]
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Young plants
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Seed pods
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Names
[edit | edit source]The species name sativa is from Latin supine satum, meaning "sown, planted", indicating that the plant is cultivated in gardens.
The English common name rocket derives from French roquette, itself a borrowing from Italian ruchetta, a diminutive of ruca, from the Latin word eruca.[11]
"Arugula" (/əˈruːɡələ/), the common name now widespread in the United States and Canada, entered American English from a nonstandard dialect of Italian. The standard Italian word is "rucola". The Oxford English Dictionary dates the first known appearance of "arugula" in American English to a 1960 article in The New York Times by food editor and prolific cookbook writer, Craig Claiborne.[12]
Similarly named plants
[edit | edit source]Rocket is sometimes conflated with Diplotaxis tenuifolia, known as 'perennial wall rocket', another plant of the family Brassicaceae that is used in the same manner.
Species of Barbarea may be known as 'yellow rocket'.
Brassica oleracea may also be known by the common name 'colewort'.
Ecology
[edit | edit source]Eruca sativa is native to southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. As an invasive species, rocket is widespread and scattered, but is prolific and noxious in the Sonora desert of Arizona and California.[13]
The species typically grows on dry, disturbed ground. It is a source of food for the larvae of some moth species,[2][4] including the garden carpet. Its roots are susceptible to nematode infestation.[14]
Cultivation
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Grown as an edible and popular herb in Italy since Roman times, rocket was mentioned by various ancient Roman authors as an aphrodisiac,[15][16] for example in a poem long ascribed to the first-century poet Virgil, Moretum, which contains the line: "et Venerem revocans eruca morantem" ("and the rocket, which revives drowsy Venus [sexual desire]"),[17] and in the Ars Amatoria of Ovid.[18] Some writers assert that for this reason, during the Middle Ages, growing rocket was forbidden in monasteries.[19] Nonetheless, the plant was listed in a decree by Charlemagne as among the 63 pot herbs suitable for growing in gardens.[20] Gillian Riley, author of the Oxford Companion to Italian Food, states that because of its reputation as a sexual stimulant, it was "prudently mixed with lettuce, which was the opposite" (i.e., calming or even soporific). Riley continues, "nowadays rocket is enjoyed innocently in mixed salads, to which it adds a pleasing pungency",[21] although Norman Douglas insisted, "Salad rocket is certainly a stimulant".[22]
The plant was traditionally collected in the wild or grown in home gardens along with herbs, such as parsley and basil. Rocket now is grown commercially in many places and is available in supermarkets and farmers markets worldwide. It now is naturalised as a wild plant away from its native range in temperate regions around the world, including northern Europe and North America.[23][2] In India, the mature seeds are known as "Gargeer". This is the same name used in Arabic, جِرْجِير (jirjīr), but used in Arab countries this name is used for the fresh leaves of the plant.
Mild frost conditions hinder the plant's growth and turn the green leaves to red.[24][25] If the weather is warm plants mature to full size in 40 to 50 days.[26]
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 105 kJ (25 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3.6 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sugars | 2.0 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dietary fibre | 1.6 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.6 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2.6 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Water | 91.7 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[27] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[28] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Uses
[edit | edit source]Nutrition
[edit | edit source]Raw rocket is 92% water, 4% carbohydrates, 2.5% protein, and contains a negligible amount of fat. A 100 g (3+1⁄2 oz) reference serving provides only 105 kJ (25 kcal) of food energy. It is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of folate and vitamin K. Rocket is also a good source (10–19% of DV) of vitamin A, vitamin C, and the dietary minerals calcium, magnesium, and manganese. It also includes potassium.[29]
Rocket is generally not allergenic.
Culinary
[edit | edit source]The leaves, flowers, young seed pods, and mature seeds are all edible.
Since Roman times in Italy, raw rocket has been added to salads. It often is added as a garnish to a pizza at the end of or just after baking. In Apulia, in southern Italy, rocket is cooked to make the pasta dish "cavatiéddi", "in which large amounts of coarsely chopped rocket are added to pasta seasoned with a homemade reduced tomato sauce and pecorino",[30] as well as in many recipes in which it is chopped and added to sauces and cooked dishes or in a sauce (made by frying it in olive oil with garlic). It also is used as a condiment for cold meats and fish.[30] Throughout Italy, it is used as a salad with tomatoes and with burrata, bocconcini, buffalo, or mozzarella cheese. In Rome, "rucola" is used in "straccetti", a dish of thin slices of beef with raw rocket and Parmesan cheese.[31]
In Turkey, similarly, the plant is eaten raw as a side dish or salad with fish or is served with a sauce of extra virgin olive oil and lemon juice.[32]
In Slovenia, rocket often is combined with boiled potatoes[33] or used in a soup.[34]
In West Asia, Pakistan, and northern India, Eruca seeds are pressed to make taramira oil, used in pickling and (after aging to remove acridity) as a salad or cooking oil.[35] The seed cake is also used as animal feed.[36]
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Salad bowl of rocket leaves
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Arugula in a savoury salad
References
[edit | edit source]- ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b c d e f Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b c d Flora of NW Europe: Eruca vesicaria Archived 2007-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Med-Checklist: Eruca sativa.
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- ^ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary
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- ^ Virgil, 102 Moretum: 85. Joseph J. Mooney in his 1916 English translation, "The Salad", calls it "colewort" and notes, "The Latin "moretum", which is usually translated "salad", would be better called "cheese and garlic paste", i.e., pesto. See The Minor Poems of Vergil: Comprising the Culex, Dirae, Lydia, Moretum, Copa, Priapeia, and Catalepton (Birmingham: Cornish Brothers, 1916), scanned as part of Appendix Vergiliana: The Minor Poems of Virgil in English Translation on the website Virgil.org.
- ^ Ovid, The Love Poems (Oxford 2008) p. 119
- ^ Padulosi, Pignone D., Editors, Rocket: A Mediterranean Crop for the World (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute,1997), p. 41.
- ^ Helen Morgenthau Fox, Gardening With Herbs for Flavor and Fragrance (1933, reprinted New York: Dover, 1970), p. 45. See also Denise Le Dantec and Jean-Pierre Le Dantec, Reading the French Garden: Story and History (MIT Press, 1998), p. 14.
- ^ Gillian Riley, The Oxford Companion to Italian Food (Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 446.
- ^ Ovid, The Love Poems (Oxford 2008) p. 232
- ^ USDA Plants Profile: Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa
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- ^ NutritionData.com, Arugula, Raw
- ^ a b Reilly, The Oxford Companion to Italian Food, p. 446
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External links
[edit | edit source]
- Jeane Osnos, "The most political vegetables: A whirlwind tour of the edible crucifers", The Botanist in the Kitchen, 20 November 2012. How arugula joined broccoli (and lattes) as supposed markers for big-government liberalism.
- Joel Denker, "The 'Lascivious' Leaf: The Allure of Arugula", Food in the 'Hood (published 11 August 2012) Archived 25 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, in The Intowner, Serving Washington, D. C. since 1968.
- Ezra Klein, "Arugula", The American Prospect, 7 October 2008.
- John Schwenkler, "Eating arugula has become a political act: Conservative thinker is branded a closet liberal based on the food he eats". Earth Matters, MNN (Mother Nature Network), March 2009. Mr. Schwenkler's article originally appeared in Plenty magazine in October 2008.
- David Kamp, The United States of Arugula: How We Became a Gourmet Nation, New York: Clarkson Potter (2006). Archived 2020-02-18 at the Wayback Machine
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