Effacer le tableau

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For the Congolese military officer nicknamed Effacer le tableau, see Constant Ndima Kongba.
Effacer le tableau
Part of the Second Congo War and Violence against pygmies and the Ituri conflict
File:Democratic Republic of the Congo (26 provinces) - Ituri.svg
Map of Ituri Province within the DRC.
LocationMambasa and the Ituri rainforest, Democratic Republic of the Congo
DateOctober 2002 to January 2003
Attack type
Genocidal massacre, Ethnic cleansing, cannibalism, war rape[1]
Deaths60,000[1][2] to 70,000[2]
(40% of the Eastern Congo's Pygmy population killed)[N 1]
VictimsBambuti pygmies
PerpetratorsMovement for the Liberation of the Congo (Jean-Pierre Bemba)
Rally for Congolese Democracy
MotiveTerritorial conquest of the North Kivu province of the DRC

Effacer le tableau (French pronunciation: [efɑse lə tablo], lit. 'erase the board' or 'clean the slate') was a military operation carried out during the Second Congo War by the Movement for the Liberation of the Congo and Rally for Congolese Democracy-National between October 2002 and January 2003 against the government-aligned Rally for Congolese Democracy-Movement for Liberation. The goal of the operation was to capture the town of Mambasa, Ituri District, along with the areas to the south and southeast, ultimately aiming to seize the city of Beni in North Kivu.

Using terror as a weapon of war, the operation included serious human rights violations, including arbitrary executions, rape, torture, and forced disappearances. While the campaign affected the civilian population as a whole, it specifically targeted the Bambuti pygmies for mass killing and the severe deprivation of other fundamental rights, which may "support a possible prosecution for genocide", according to the Minority Rights Group International. Summary executions also targeted members of the Nande people.[3]

Background

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Main article: Second Congo War

In 2002, Mambasa was a town of about "20,000 to 25,000 inhabitants."[4] A Congolese town near the borders of Uganda and South Sudan, it lies in the eastern part of Ituri, which Human Rights Watch described in 2003 as "the bloodiest corner" of the DRC.[5]

The extermination was carried out by soldiers from the Movement for the Liberation of the Congo (MLC), who became known to locals as les effaceurs ("the erasers") and led by President Jean-Pierre Bamba,[6][7] and troops from the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD-N), led by Roger Lumbala.[8][9][7][6]

Massacre

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The primary objective of Effacer le tableau was the territorial conquest of the North Kivu province of the DRC and ethnic cleansing of Pygmies from the Congo's eastern region whose population numbered 90,000 by 2002.[1] The Bambuti were targeted specifically as the rebels considered them "subhuman", and it was believed by the rebels that the flesh of the Bambuti held "magical powers". Senior officers justified these beliefs with Bible passages (such as Deuteronomy 20:13–20:17).[10]

Timeline

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There were three separate military operations in Mambasa:

  • On October 12, MLC/RCD-N forces captured Mambasa and subjected it to looting, mass rape, destruction, and violence.[11] The commander of the operation was Colonel Freddy Ngalimu.[12]
  • At the end of October, RCD-ML troops counterattacked and recaptured Mambasa.[11]
  • In November and December, the MLC/RCD-N recaptured Mambasa[11] under the command of Colonel Widdy Ramses Masamba.[12]

Commanders Ngalimu and Masamba both reported to General Constant Ndima Kongba, according to the UN-mandated mission.[12] The latter officer is nicknamed "Effacer le tableau"[13][14] and was part of a group bearing the same name.[12] However, the MLC claimed in 2021 that Constant Ndima did not take part in these operations.[13]

There were reports of cannibalism being widespread.[9][15] It is estimated 60,000 to 70,000 Pygmy were killed in the campaign,[2] and over 100,000 more were displaced.[16] Investigations found that beyond the effaceurs, attacks on and the killing of the Bambuti became common among all forces during the Second Congo War.[9]

Aftermath

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In March 2016, the International Criminal Court found Jean-Pierre Bemba guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity in the Central African Republic. Bemba was the vice president of the DRC, and leader of the MLC during the year-long extermination campaign.[17] He was fully acquitted by the ICC's appeal court in June 2018.[18]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Penketh 2004.
  2. ^ a b c d Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ^ Congo 2004, p. 2–3, 11.
  4. ^ Annan 2003, p. 4.
  5. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  6. ^ a b Annan 2003.
  7. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  8. ^ Deibert 2013, p. 98.
  9. ^ a b c Gilbert 2016, p. 43.
  10. ^ Annan 2003, p. 11.
  11. ^ a b c Annan 2003, p. 5.
  12. ^ a b c d Annan 2003, p. 28.
  13. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  14. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  15. ^ Annan 2003, pp. 11, 13.
  16. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  17. ^ Lattimer 2016.
  18. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

Notes

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  1. ^ Eastern Pygmy population was reduced to 90,000 after a campaign that killed 60,000[2] implying a 40% decline

Bibliography

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  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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