Coordinates: 41°48′N 120°48′E / 41.8°N 120.8°E / 41.8; 120.8

Haifanggou Formation

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Haifanggou Formation
Stratigraphic range: Callovian-Oxfordian
~165–160 Ma
↓
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesTiaojishan Formation
OverliesBeipiao Formation
(Separated by an unconformity)
Lithology
PrimaryConglomerate
OtherSandstone, mudstone, shale, coal
Location
CoordinatesLua error in Module:Coordinates at line 489: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
Approximate paleocoordinatesLua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
RegionInner Mongolia
CountryChina
Type section
Named forHaifanggou
Named byLiaoning Stratigraphic Group
Year defined1978
Haifanggou Formation (China)
Haifanggou Formation (Inner Mongolia)

The Haifanggou Formation (simplified Chinese: 海房沟组; traditional Chinese: 海房溝組; pinyin: Hǎifánggōu zǔ), also known as the Jiulongshan Formation (simplified Chinese: 九龙山组; traditional Chinese: 九龍山組; pinyin: Jiǔlóngshān zǔ), is a fossil-bearing rock deposit located near Daohugou (simplified Chinese: 道虎沟; traditional Chinese: 道虎溝) village of Ningcheng County, in Inner Mongolia, northeastern China.

The formation consists of coarse conglomerates, sandstone, mudstone, and thin coal layers deposited in deltaic and lacustrine environments.

The formation dates to the Callovian of the Middle Jurassic to the Oxfordian of the Late Jurassic.[1]

The most prominent locality of the Haifanggou Formation are the Daohugou Beds, located near the village of Daohugou in southeastern Inner Mongolia.[2] Other localities include Wuhuaxigou, Chentaizi, Jiangzhangzi, Wubaiding, Guancaishan, Haifenggou, Fanzhangzi, and Zhuanshanzi.[3]

Dating

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Daohugou bed

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The age of the Daohugou bed has been debated, and a number of studies, using different methodologies, have reached conflicting conclusions. Various papers have placed the fossils here as being anywhere from the Middle Jurassic period (169 million years ago) to the Early Cretaceous period (122 ma).[4] One of the first studies on the age of the Daohugou beds, published in 2004 by He et al., found them to be Early Cretaceous, only a few million years older than the overlying Jehol beds of the Yixian Formation.[5] The 2004 study primarily used Argon–argon dating of a tuff within the Daohugou Beds to determine its age.

However, subsequent studies cast doubt on this relatively recent age. In a 2006 study, Gao & Ren criticized He et al. for not including enough specifics and detail in their paper, and also took issue with their radiometric dating of the Daohugou tuff. The tuff, Gao and Ren argued, contains crystals with a variety of diverse radiometric ages, some up to a billion years old, so using dates from only a few of these crystals could not determine the overall age of the deposits. Gao and Ren went on to defend a Middle Jurassic age for the beds based on biostratigraphy (the use of index fossils), and the bed's relationship to a layer that is known to mark the Middle Jurassic-Late Jurassic boundary.[6]

Another study, published in 2006 by Wang et al., argued that the 159-164 million years old Tiaojishan Formation underlies, rather than overlies, the Daohugou Beds. Unlike the earlier study by Gao and Ren, Wang et al. found an overall similarity between the fossil animals found in the Daohugou Beds and those from the Yixian Formation. The authors stated that

"vertebrate fossils such as Liaoxitriton, Jeholopterus and feathered maniraptorans show much resemblance to those of the Yixian Formation. In other words, despite the absence of Lycoptera, a typical fish of the Jehol Biota, the Daohugou vertebrate assemblage is closer to that of the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota than to any other biota."

Wang et al. concluded that the Daohugou probably represents the earliest evolutionary stages of the Jehol Biota, and that it "belongs to the same cycle of volcanism and sedimentation as the Yixian Formation of the Jehol Group."[7] However, a later study by Ji et al. argued that the key indicator of the Jehol biota are the index fossils Peipiaosteus and Lycoptera. Under this definition, the earliest evolutionary stage of the Jehol Biota is represented by the Huajiying Formation, and the Daohugou Formation is excluded due to the absence of Lycoptera fossils.[8] Later in 2006, Liu et al. published their own study of the age of the Daohugou beds, this time using Zircon Uranium-lead dating on the volcanic rocks overlying and underlying salamander-bearing layers (salamanders are often used as index fossils). Liu et al. found that the beds formed between 164 and 158 million years ago, in the Middle to Late Jurassic.[1][9] A 2012 study by Gao and Shubin agreed with this assessment, and reported an Argon–argon date of 164 plus or minus 4 million years ago for the Daohugou horizon.[10]

Animal fossil content

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Arthropods

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At least 760 insect species have been described from the Haifanggou Formation and associated deposits, making it one of the most diverse insect-bearing strata from the Jurassic period.[11]

Insects
Genus Species Year Abundance Notes Images
Ahirmoneura A. neimengguensis[12] 2008 A tangle-veined fly
File:Juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia.jpg
Juracimbrophlebia

File:Mongolarachne.jpg
Mongolarachne
Aneuroderma A. oiodes[13] 2021 2 specimens An earwig
Applanatiforceps A. angustus[14] 2023 3 specimens An earwig
Archaboilus A. musicus[15] 2012 1 specimen A stem-katydid
Ekpagloderma E. gracilentum[14] 2023 1 specimen An earwig
Formosibittacus F. macularis[16] 2008 1 specimen A hangingfly
Fortiholcorpa F. paradoxa[17] 2013 1 specimen A Mecopteran
Juracimbrophlebia J. ginkgofolia[18] 2012 1 specimen A hangingfly
Jurahylobittacus J. astictus[16] 2008 1 specimen A hangingfly
Mesobunus M. dunlopi[19] 2012 1 specimen A harvestman
Miriholcorpa M. forcipata[17] 2013 1 specimen A Mecopteran
Mongolarachne M. jurassica[20] 2011 A spider
Mongolbittacus M. daohugoensis[21] 2007 1 specimen A hangingfly
Pseudomantina P. baijuyii[22] 2023 A cockroach
Pycnopolystoechotes P. striatus[23] 2023 A lacewing
Sinojuraphis S. ningchengensis[24] 2008 An aphid
Sinopalaeodermata S. concavum[13] 2021 1 specimen An earwig
Stictopolystoechotes S. sparsulus[23] 2023 A lacewing

Vertebrates

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Based largely on.[25]

Amphibians

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Amphibians of the Haifanggou Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Chunerpeton[26] C. tianyiensis A preserved skeleton A salamander
File:Chunerpeton BW.jpg
Chunerpeton
File:Pangerpeton sinensis.jpg
Pangerpeton
Jeholotriton J. paradoxus A salamander
Neimengtriton N. daohugouensis A salamander
Pangerpeton P. sinensis A salamander

Dinosaurs

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Dinosaurs of the Haifanggou Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Pedopenna P. daohugouensis A maniraptoran dinosaur
File:Pedopenna.png
Epidexipteryx E. hui A scansoriopterygid dinosaur
File:Epidexipteryx hui.jpg
Epidendrosaurus E. ningchengensis A scansoriopterygid dinosaur
File:Epidendrosaurus ninchengensis.jpg

Pterosaurs

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Pterosaurs of the Haifanggou Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Daohugoupterus D. delicatus A pterosaur
File:Jeholopterus reconstruction.png
Jeholopterus
File:Liaodactylus-2.jpg
Liaodactylus
Jeholopterus J. ningchengensis An anurognathid pterosaur
Liaodactylus L. primus A ctenochasmid pterosaur
Pterorhynchus P. wellnhoferi A darwinopteran pterosaur

Mammaliforms

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Mammaliforms of the Haifanggou Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Agilodocodon A, scansorius A docodont mammaliaform
File:Agilodocodon scansorius by Kaek.jpg
Agilodocodon
File:Castorocauda BW.jpg
Castorocauda
File:Megaconus NT.png
Megaconus
File:Pseudotribos BW.jpg
Pseudotribos
File:Volaticotherium Life Reconstruction.png
Volaticotherium
Castorocauda[27] C. lutrasimilis An aquatic docodont mammaliaform
Microdocodon M. gracilis A docodont mammaliaform
Megaconus M. mammaliaformis A possible allotherian mammal
Mirusodens[28] M. caii an arboreal/climbing euharamiyidan mammal/mammaliaform
Pseudotribos P. robustus A shuotheriid mammaliaform
Volaticotherium V. antiquum A gliding eutriconodont mammal

Fish

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Fish of the Haifanggou Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Liaosteus[29] L. hongi A peipiaosteid fish
File:Yanliaomyzon ingensdentes.png
Yanliaomyzon
Yanliaomyzon[30] Y. ingensdentes A lamprey

Flora

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Fossil plants
Genus Species State Abundance Notes Images
Coniopteris C. bella[31] Liaoning A fern
C. burejensis[31] Liaoning
C. haifanggouensis
Sequoia S. jeholensis[32] Ningcheng The earliest known redwood tree
Schmeissneria S. sinensis[33] Liaoning Uncertain plant originally described as angiosperm.[34]
Xingxueanthus X. sinensis[35] Liaoning Uncertain plant originally described as angiosperm.[36]
Euanthus E. panii Liaoning[37] Uncertain plant originally described as angiosperm.[34]

See also

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References

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  15. ^ Gu J.-J., Montealegre-Z, F., Robert, D., Engel, M.S., Qiao G.-X., and Ren D. (2012). "Wing stridulation in a Jurassic katydid (Insecta, Orthoptera) produced low-pitched musical calls to attract females." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (advance online publication) Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  19. ^ Giribet, G., et al., 2012. An exquisitely preserved harvestman (Arthropoda, Arachnida, Opiliones) from the Middle Jurassic of China. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution, 12, p.51-56.
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  27. ^ Castorocauda - Science Magazine
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Further reading

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  • Liaoning Stratigraphic Group. 1978. The Stratigraphic Tables of Liaoning. Geology Press 1-296
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