Unofficial patch

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An unofficial patch, a.k.a. community patch and fan patch, is a software update created by a third party, such as a user community, without the involvement of whoever is considered the official maintainer of the software (i.e. original developer). An unofficial patch generally does not change the intended use of the software, in contrast to other third-party adaptions such as mods or cracks.

An unofficial patch is typically intended to repair bugs and provide new capabilities such as support for newer operating systems, increased display resolutions and new display formats.[1][2] While unofficial patches are most common for the PC platform, they can also be found for console games e.g. in context of the emulation community.[3]

A fan translation is an unofficial patch that adds natural language support to software.[4] Fan translations are most common for Japanese role-playing games which are often not localized for Western markets.[5][6]

A slipstream like patch combines multiple official patches into one unofficial update package as a convenience to users when individual patches are only available online or as small incremental updates.

A common motivation for creating an unofficial patch is lack of technical support from the official maintainer which may result from:

Methods

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The most common case is that the source code and the original development tools are not available for the software. Therefore, the faulty software's binary must be analyzed at run time by reverse engineering and debugging. If the problem is found, a fix to the program must be applied. Sometimes only small changes in configuration files or the registry are required, sometimes binary hacks on the executable itself are required to fix bugs. If a software development kit (e.g. for modding) is available, fixes to the content can be easily produced, otherwise the community would need to create their own tools. These found fixes are typically packed to user deployable patches (e.g. with NSIS, Innosetup).

If the source code is available, support can by provided most effectively. Sometimes the source code is released intentionally,[14][15][16] sometimes by leaking[17][18][19] or mistake,[20] such as what happened with the game engine of the Thief series.[21][22] Sometimes fans even completely reverse-engineer source code from the original program binary.[23] With the source code available even the support of completely different but recent platforms with source ports becomes possible.

Law

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While no court cases have directly addressed the legal ramifications of unofficial patches, similar cases have been tried on related issues. The case of Galoob v. Nintendo found that it was not copyright infringement by a user to apply an unauthorized patch to a system (while the scope was very specific to the Game Genie). On the other hand, the case Micro Star v. FormGen Inc. found that user-generated maps were derivative works of the original game. In Sega v. Accolade, the 9th Circuit held that making copies in the course of reverse engineering is a fair use, when it is the only way to get access to the "ideas and functional elements" in the copyrighted code, and when "there is a legitimate reason for seeking such access". According to Copyright law of the United States 17 U.S. Code § 117, the owner of a copy of a program can modify it as necessary for "Maintenance or Repair",[24] without permission from the copyright holder; an argumentation also raised by Daniel J. Bernstein professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago.[25]

Similar user rights are given also according to European copyright laws. The question of whether unauthorized changes of lawfully obtained copyright-protected software qualify as fair use is an unsettled area of law.[26] An article of Helbraun law firm remarks, in the context of fan translations, that while redistributing complete games with adaptions most likely does not fall under fair use, distributing the modifications as a patch might be legally permissible; however, that conclusion has not been tested in court.[27]

Reception

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Reception of unofficial patches is mixed, but by large, copyright holders are ambivalent. When the software is not considered commercially viable unofficial patches are ignored by the copyright holder as it is not seen as a source of lost revenue.[4][28] There have been seldom cases of cease and desist letters to unofficial patch and fan translation projects.[29][30]

Sometimes the copyright holder actively support the patching and fixing efforts of a software community,[31] sometimes even by releasing the source code under a software license which allows the software community the continued software support by themselves.[16][14][15][32][33][34] Examples for such software are in the List of commercial video games with later released source code.

The free and open source software movement was founded in the 1980s to solve the underlying problem of unofficial patches, the limited possibility for user self-support in binary only distributed software due to missing source code. Free and open source software demands from distributed software the availability of source code, which prevents the technical problems and legal uncertainties of binary only user patching of proprietary software.

Examples in video games

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Computer game Type
Anachronox Bug fix patch[35]
Age of Empires: The Rise of Rome Bug fixes, balance fixes, stability fixes, UI and sound improvements, resolution fixes including support for more higher definition resolutions[36]
Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura Bug fix patch,[37] fan translation
Battlezone II Bug fix patch[38][39][40]
Civilization IV Bug fixes and extensions,[41] (with SDK source code[42][43] and accessible XML configuration and Python files)[44]
Civilization V Bug fixes and extensions (based on source code)[45][46][47]
Chrono Trigger Fan translation, bug fix patch[48]
Command & Conquer Bug fix patch, resolution fixes, added support for language packs[1][49][50]
Dark Souls II Bug fixes[51]
Deadly Premonition: The Director's Cut Resolution fix[2]
Ecco the Dolphin Bug fixes, ports for newer OSes[52][53]
The Elder Scrolls II: Daggerfall Bug fix patch,[54] fan translation
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim Bug fix patch,[55][56] translation fixes[57]
Empire Earth 2 Bug fixes, unhandled exception crash fixes, Windows 8 / 10 / 11 support, more screen resolutions (including 4k and the custom screen resolution generator), DirectX 9 support, G-Sync / FreeSync and high monitor refresh rate fixes, unlimited camera zoom settings, changed low-quality sounds, new options in game (e.g. more population, cycle time of day, disable crowns system and leaders), integrated language changer, integrated private multiplayer server and many more new features (fully customizable), frequently updated.[58]
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Bug fixes[59][60]
Fallout 2 Bug fixes,[61] resolution fixes
Fallout: New Vegas Bug fixes,[62][63] stability and performance fixes (especially for modern systems)[64]
Fallout 4 Bug fixes[65][66][67]
Freelancer Bug fix patch[68]
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Engine, graphics and quality-of-life fixes[69]
Gothic 3 Bug fix patch[13][33][70]
Infinity Engine (Baldur's Gate series, Icewind Dale etc.) Bug fix patch, resolution fixes[71]
IL-2 Sturmovik: Cliffs of Dover Fix mod based on source code (which later became an official release as "Blitz Edition")[72]
Jagged Alliance 2 (now JA2-Stracciatella) Bug fix patch, resolution fixes, ports[73][74][75][76][77][78]
Jazz Jackrabbit 2 Bug fixes, stability fixes, new features for client side and server side[79]
Legacy of Kain series Bug fix patch[80][81][82]
LucasArts adventures (Monkey Island, Indiana Jones, etc.) Fan translation[83]
Master of Magic Fan patch[84][85][86]
Master of Orion 3 Fan translation,[87] bug fix
Minecraft Fan fixes implemented to latest patches[88][89][90]
MVP Baseball 2005 Fixes, support continuation[91][92][93]
Nier: Automata Resolution fixes, performance fix[94]
Nuclear Throne Various bug-fixes for co-op mode, as well as addition of online co-op[95][96]
Paradroid Bug fixes, speed fixes[97]
Rollcage Bug fix patch[98]
Silent Hill 2 'Enhanced Edition' rehaul, including bug fixes, enhanced and remade graphic assets, full widescreen support, HD cutscenes, and numerous modern improvements[99]
Silent Hunter II / Destroyer Command Bug fix patch (Ubisoft endorsed with source code)[16][100][101][102]
Star Ocean Fan translation[5]
Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II – The Sith Lords Bug fixes,[103][104] restored content,[105] widescreen support[106]
Supreme Commander Bug fixes, multiplayer client and server replacement (Server emulator)[107][108][109][110]
Dark Engine (Thief 1, Thief 2, System Shock 2) Bug fix patch[21][22][111]
Titan Quest Bug fix patch[112][113]
Ultima series Bug fix patch,[114] fan translation
Ultima 4 Bug fix patch, remaster[115][116]
Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines Bug fix patch, restored content, widescreen and modern OS support[117][118][119]
Xenonauts Bug fix patch and support continuation[120][121]

Examples in general software

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Software Type
3dfx drivers Driver fixes, continued support[122][123]
Adobe Acrobat Fast security fix[124]
Socket 7 boards' Award BIOS 32 GB+ HDD support, AMD K6-2/3+ support[125][126][127]
iOS 4.3.3 Fast security fix[128]
Java Fast security fix[129]
Windows 7, Windows 8 Unlocking of hardware support[130]
Windows 98 Slipstream patch, Bug fix patch,[7][131] support for harddrives > 137 GB,[132] support for 2k API[133][134][135]
Windows XP Update pack[136][137]
Internet Explorer Fast security fix[138]
Nvidia nForce Chipset Device driver Support for older Chipsets on newer Windows OSs[139][140][141]
Palm Pre Functionality extension[142]
Windows Metafile format Fast security fix[10][11][12]
Windows URI problem Fast security fix[143]
Mac OS X 10.3 Daylight saving time patch[144]

See also

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References

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