Clitocybe dealbata
| Clitocybe dealbata | |
|---|---|
| File:Clitocybe dealbata 1.jpg | |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Clitocybaceae |
| Genus: | Clitocybe |
| Species: | C. dealbata
|
| Binomial name | |
| Clitocybe dealbata | |
| Clitocybe dealbata | |
|---|---|
| Mycological characteristics | |
| File:Gills icon.png | Gills on hymenium |
| File:Depressed cap icon.svg | Cap is depressed |
| File:Adnate gills icon2.svg | Hymenium is adnate |
| File:Bare stipe icon.svg | Stipe is bare |
| Spore print is white | |
| File:Saprotrophic fungus.svg | Ecology is saprotrophic |
| File:Mycomorphbox Poison.png File:Mycomorphbox Deadly.png | Edibility is poisonous or deadly |
Clitocybe dealbata, also known as the ivory funnel, is a small white funnel-shaped basidiomycete fungus widely found in lawns, meadows and other grassy areas in Europe and North America.
Also known as the sweating mushroom, or sweat producing clitocybe,[1] it derives these names from the symptoms of poisoning. It contains potentially deadly levels of muscarine.
Taxonomy
[edit | edit source]Clitocybe dealbata was initially described by British naturalist James Sowerby in 1799 as Agaricus dealbatus,[2] its specific epithet derived from the Late Latin verb dealbare 'to whitewash',[3] inexorably calling to mind the Biblical "whited sepulchre", that is outwardly pleasing but inwardly toxic. It gained its current genus name in 1874 when reclassified by French naturalist Claude Casimir Gillet.[4] However, this species is often considered a synonym of Clitocybe rivulosa[5] and according to Bon[6] the name C. dealbata may be invalid (a nomen dubium) as James Sowerby's definition conflicts with Elias Magnus Fries's.
Description
[edit | edit source]A small white or white dusted with buff-coloured mushroom, the 2–4 cm diameter cap is flattened to depressed with adnate to decurrent crowded white gills. The stipe is 2–4 cm tall and 0.5–1 cm wide. The spore print is white. There is no distinctive taste or smell.[7][8]
It is one of a number of similar poisonous species such as the false champignon (Clitocybe rivulosa) which can be confused with the edible fairy ring champignon (Marasmius oreades),[9] or miller (Clitopilus prunulus).[10]
Distribution and habitat
[edit | edit source]The ivory funnel is found in grassy habitats in summer and autumn. Often gregarious, it can form fairy rings.[11] Unfortunately, they often occur in grassy areas where they may be encountered by children or pets. This may increase risk of accidental consumption.[12]
Toxicity
[edit | edit source]The main toxic component of Clitocybe dealbata is muscarine, and thus the symptoms are like those of nerve agent poisoning, namely greatly increased salivation, sweating (perspiration), and the flow of tears (lacrimation) within 15–30 minutes of ingestion. With large doses, these symptoms may be followed by abdominal pain, severe nausea, diarrhea, blurred vision, and labored breathing. Intoxication generally subsides within two hours. Death is rare, but may result from arrhythmia or respiratory failure in severe cases. The specific antidotes are M1 receptor blockers like atropine, scopolamine and diphenhydramine.[12]
See also
[edit | edit source]References
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- ^ See File:Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms - t. 123.png for the plate which is the original definition of this species.
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Gillet CG (1874) Les Hyménomycètes 828pp
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- ^ a b Benjamin DR. (1995). Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas: A Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists, and Physicians. W H Freeman & Co. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
External links
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