Cinnamic acid
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| Names | |
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| Preferred IUPAC name
(2E)-3-Phenylprop-2-enoic acid | |
| Systematic IUPAC name
Cinnamic acid | |
| Other names
trans-Cinnamic acid
Phenylacrylic acid[1] Cinnamylic acid 3-Phenylacrylic acid (E)-Cinnamic acid Benzenepropenoic acid Isocinnamic acid | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| 1905952 | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 880: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 880: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).Lua error in Module:EditAtWikidata at line 29: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
| EC Number |
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| E number | Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 880: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
| 3731 | |
| KEGG | |
PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C9H8O2 | |
| Molar mass | 148.161 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | White monoclinic crystals |
| Odor | Honey-like[2] |
| Density | 1.2475 g/cm3[3] |
| Melting point | 133 °C (271 °F; 406 K)[3] |
| Boiling point | 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)[3] |
| 500 mg/L[3] | |
| Acidity (pKa) | 4.44 |
| −7.836×10−5 cm3/mol | |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
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| Warning | |
| H315, H319, H335 | |
| P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501 | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Flash point | > 100 °C (212 °F; 373 K)[3] |
| Related compounds | |
Related compounds
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Benzoic acid, Phenylacetic acid, Phenylpropanoic acid |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Cinnamic acid is an organic compound with the formula C6H5-CH=CH-COOH. It is a white crystalline compound that is slightly soluble in water, and freely soluble in many organic solvents.[4] Classified as an unsaturated carboxylic acid, it occurs naturally in a number of plants. It exists as both a cis and a trans isomer, although the latter is more common.[5] The cis-isomer is called allocinnamic acid.
Occurrence and production
[edit | edit source]Biosynthesis
[edit | edit source]Cinnamic acid is a central intermediate in the biosynthesis of a myriad of natural products including lignols (precursors to lignin and lignocellulose), flavonoids, isoflavonoids, coumarins, aurones, stilbenes, catechin, and phenylpropanoids. Its biosynthesis involves the action of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) on phenylalanine.[6]
Natural occurrence
[edit | edit source]It is obtained from oil of cinnamon, or from balsams such as storax.[4] It is also found in shea butter.[citation needed] Cinnamic acid has a honey-like odor;[2] and its more volatile ethyl ester, ethyl cinnamate, is a flavor component in the essential oil of cinnamon, in which related cinnamaldehyde is the major constituent. It is also found in wood from many diverse tree species.[7]
Synthesis
[edit | edit source]Cinnamic acid was first synthesized by the base-catalysed condensation of acetyl chloride and benzaldehyde, followed by hydrolysis of the acid chloride product.[5] In 1890, Rainer Ludwig Claisen described the synthesis of ethyl cinnamate via the reaction of ethyl acetate with benzaldehyde in the presence of sodium as base.[8] Another way of preparing cinnamic acid is by the Knoevenagel condensation reaction.[9] The reactants for this are benzaldehyde and malonic acid in the presence of a weak base, followed by acid-catalyzed decarboxylation. It can also be prepared by oxidation of cinnamaldehyde, condensation of benzal chloride and sodium acetate (followed by acid hydrolysis), and the Perkin reaction. The oldest commercially used route to cinnamic acid involves the Perkin reaction, which is given in the following scheme[5]
File:Zimtsäure nach Perkin.svg Synthesis of cinnamic acid via the Perkin reaction.[10]
Metabolism
[edit | edit source]Cinnamic acid, obtained from autoxidation of cinnamaldehyde, is metabolized into sodium benzoate in the liver.[11]
Uses
[edit | edit source]Cinnamic acid is used in flavorings, synthetic indigo, and certain pharmaceuticals. A major use is as a precursor to produce methyl cinnamate, ethyl cinnamate, and benzyl cinnamate for the perfume industry.[4] Cinnamic acid is a precursor to the sweetener aspartame via enzyme-catalysed amination with phenylalanine.[5] Cinnamic acid can dimerize in non-polar solvents resulting in different linear free energy relationships.[12]
References
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