Boykos

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"Boyko" redirects here. For people with the surname, see Boyko (name).
Boykos
бойки
File:Boykos of Maniava.jpg
Boyko family of Maniava, late 19th century
Regions with significant populations
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine131 (2001)[1]
File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland258 (2011)[2]
Languages
Boyko dialect of Rusyn or Ukrainian language
Slovak
Religion
Eastern Catholic, Orthodox Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Lemkos  · Hutsuls

The Boykos or Boikos (Rusyn: бойки; Ukrainian: бойки, romanized: boiky; Polish: Bojkowie; Slovak: Pujďáci), or simply Highlanders (Ukrainian: верховинці, romanized: verkhovyntsi; Rusyn: ґоралы, romanized: goraly), are an ethnolinguistic group located in the Carpathian Mountains of Ukraine, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland. Along with the neighbouring Lemkos and Hutsuls, the Boykos are considered a sub-group of Rusyns and speak a distinct East Slavic dialect.[3][4] Within Ukraine, the Boykos and other Rusyns are seen as a sub-group of ethnic Ukrainians.[5][6] Boykos differ from their neighbors in dialect, dress, folk architecture, and customs.

Etymology

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File:Dolyna local history museum of Tatiana and Omelan Antonovych 1.jpg
Museum of Boyko Culture, Dolyna

Regarding the origin of the name Boyko there exist several etymological hypotheses,[7] but it is generally considered, as explained by priest Joseph Levytsky in his Hramatyka (1831), that it derives from the particle boiie.[8] Specifically, it derives from the exclamation "бой!, бойє!" (< bo-i-je >), meaning "it is really so!", which is often used by the population.[9] The 19th-century scholar Pavel Jozef Šafárik, with whom Franjo Rački and Henry Hoyle Howorth agreed, argued a direct connection of the Boykos with the region of Boiki mentioned in the 10th century De Administrando Imperio,[8][10] but this thesis is outdated and rejected,[9] as most scholars, Mykhailo Hrushevsky among them, already dismissed it in the 19th century because Boiki is a clear reference to Bohemia, which in turn derives from the Celtic tribe of Boii.[11][12][13] The derivation from Boii,[7] is also disputed because there is not enough evidence.[8] They are also called Vrchovints (Highlanders).[14] As in the case of Hutsuls and Lemkos, they are recorded in historical and ethnographic sources since the 18th and 19th century.[15]

Some people otherwise identifiable as Boykos regard that name as derogatory and call themselves highlanders (verkhovyntsi).[8]

Origin

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File:Map of Ukrainian dialects en.png
Map of Ukrainian dialects (2005). Boyko dialect (13)

Boykos are either considered one of the descendants of East Slavic tribes, specifically White Croats who lived in the region,[7][8][16] possibly also Ulichs who arrived from the East,[17] or Vlach shepherds who later immigrated from Transylvania.[16]

Demography

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In the Boyko Region (Polish: Bojkowszczyzna, Boyko and Ukrainian: Бойківщина, romanized: Boikivshchyna), there lived up to 400,000 people of whom most were Boykos.[8][18] They also lived in Sanok, Lesko and Przemyśl County of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship in Poland, before the Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine and the forced relocation of Rusyns and Ukrainians in Poland in 1947.[19] In commemoration of Boykos, Ukraine's national parliament, the Verkhovna Rada, in 2016 renamed Telmanove Raion into Boykivske Raion where Boykos were deported from Czarna, Bieszczady County (today in Poland) after the 1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange. It is estimated from the evidence available that in 1970 there lived 230,000 people of Boyko origin.[19]

In Ukraine, the classification of Boykos as an ethnicity distinct from Ukrainians is controversial.[20][21][22] The deprecated and archaic term Ruthenian, while also derived from Rus', is ambiguous, as it technically may refer to Rusyns and Ukrainians, as well as Belarusians and in some cases Russians, depending on the historical period. According to the 2001 Ukraine census, only 131 people identified themselves as Boykos, separate from Ukrainians.[1] This is also on top of many attempts within the USSR and modern day Ukraine to assimilate the Rusyn people into the modern Ukraine state. In the Polish census of 2011, 258 people stated Boyko as a national-ethnic identity, with 14 of those people listing it as their only national-ethnic identity.[2]

Location

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To the west of Boykos live Lemkos, east or southeast Hutsuls, northward Dnistrovyans, Opolyans.

Religion

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Most Boykos belong to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, with a minority belonging to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. The distinctive wooden church architecture of the Boyko region is a three-domed church, with the domes arranged in one line, and the middle dome slightly larger than the others.

Notable people

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Ukrainian Census 2001
  2. ^ a b Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna. Narodowy Spis Ludności i Mieszkań 2011 (National Census of Population and Housing 2011). GUS. 2013. p. 264.
  3. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  5. ^ [Richard T.Schaefer (ed.), 2008, Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, Volume 1, Sage Publications, p. 1341.
  6. ^ James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas & Nicholas Charles Pappas, 1994, An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires, Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 109–110.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  8. ^ a b c d e f Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  9. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  16. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  18. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  19. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  20. ^ Professor Ivan Pop: Encyclopedia of Subcarpathian Ruthenia(Encyclopedija Podkarpatskoj Rusi). Uzhhorod, 2000.
  21. ^ Paul Robert Magocsi, Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture . University of Toronto Press, June 2002.
  22. ^ Tom Trier (1998), Inter-Ethnic Relations in Transcarpathian Ukraine
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