List of ethnic groups of Africa

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"Africans" redirects here. For the language, see Afrikaans. For other uses, see African.
Ethnic groups in Africa
1996 map of the major ethnolinguistic groups of Africa, by the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division (substantially based on G.P. Murdock, Africa, its peoples and their cultural history, 1959). Colour-coded are 15 major ethnolinguistic super-groups, as follows:
Afroasiatic
     Hamitic (Berber, Cushitic) + Semitic (Ethiopian, Arabic)
     Hausa (Chadic)
Niger–Congo
     Bantu
     "Guinean" (Volta-Niger, Kwa, Kru)
     "Western Bantoid" (Atlantic)
     "Central Bantoid" (Gur, Senufo)
     "Eastern Bantoid" (Southern Bantoid)
     Mande
Nilo-Saharan (unity debated)
     Nilotic
     Central Sudanic, Eastern Sudanic (besides Nilotic)
     Kanuri
     Songhai
other
     Khoi-San (unity doubtful; Khoikhoi, San, Sandawe + Hadza)
     Malayo-Polynesian (Malagasy)
     Indo-European (Afrikaaner)

The ethnic groups of Africa number in the thousands, with each ethnicity generally having their own language (or dialect of a language) and culture. The ethnolinguistic groups include various Afroasiatic, Khoisan, Niger-Congo, and Nilo-Saharan populations.

The official population count of the various ethnic groups in Africa is highly uncertain due to limited infrastructure to perform censuses, and due to rapid population growth. Some groups have alleged that there is deliberate misreporting in order to give selected ethnicities numerical superiority (as in the case of Nigeria's Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo peoples).[1][2][3]

A 2009 genetic clustering study, which genotyped 1327 polymorphic markers in various African populations, identified six ancestral clusters. The clustering corresponded closely with ethnicity, culture, and language.[4] A 2018 whole genome sequencing study of the world's populations observed similar clusters among the populations in Africa. At K=9, distinct ancestral components defined the Afroasiatic-speaking populations inhabiting North Africa and Northeast Africa; the Nilo-Saharan-speaking populations in Northeast Africa and East Africa; the Ari populations in Northeast Africa; the Niger-Congo-speaking populations in West-Central Africa, West Africa, East Africa, and Southern Africa; the Pygmy populations in Central Africa; and the Khoisan populations in Southern Africa.[5]

Lists

By linguistic phylum

As a first overview, the following table lists major groups by ethno-linguistic affiliation, with rough population estimates (as of 2016):[citation needed]

Phylum Region Major groups Pop. (millions)
(2016)[citation needed] 		Number of groups
Afro-Asiatic North Africa, Horn of Africa, Sahel Amhara, Hausa, Oromo, Somali, Tigrayan 200 200-300[6]
Niger-Congo West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, East Africa Akan, Fula, Igbo, Kongo, Mandé, Mooré, Shona, Yoruba, Zulu 900 1650[6]
Nilo-Saharan Nile Valley, Sahel, East Africa Dinka, Kanuri, Luo, Maasai, Nuer, Songhai 60 80[6]
Khoisan Southern Africa, Tanzania Nama, San, Sandawe 1 40-70[6]
Austronesian Madagascar Malagasy 20 1[7]
Indo-European Central Africa, East Africa, North Africa, Southern Africa, West Africa Afrikaners, British, French 6 3[8]
Total Africa 1.2 billion (UN 2016) c. 2,000[9]

Major ethnic groups

The following is a table of major ethnic groups (10 million people or more):

Major ethnic groups Region Countries Language family Pop. (millions)
(year)
Akan West Africa Ghana, Ivory Coast Niger–Congo, Kwa 20[year needed]
Amhara Horn of Africa Ethiopia Afro-Asiatic, Semitic 22 (2007)
Arabs North Africa Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Mauritania Afro-Asiatic, Semitic 100+ (2013)[10]
Berbers North Africa Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania Afro-Asiatic, Berber 36 (2016)[11][12][13]
Chewa Central Africa Malawi, Zambia Niger–Congo, Bantu 12 (2007)
Fulani West Africa Mauritania, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Nigeria, Cameroon, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Niger, Chad, Sudan, Central African Republic, Ghana, Togo, Sierra Leone Niger–Congo, Senegambian 20[year needed]
Hausa West Africa Nigeria, Niger, Benin, Ghana, Cameroon, Chad, Sudan Afro-Asiatic, Chadic 78 (2019)[14]
Hutu Central Africa Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo Niger–Congo, Bantu 15[year needed]
Igbo West Africa Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Gabon Niger–Congo, Volta–Niger 34 (2017)
Kanuri West Africa Nigeria,[15] Niger,[16] Chad,[17] Cameroon[18] Nilo-Saharan, Saharan 10[year needed]
Kongo Central Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Republic of the Congo Niger–Congo, Bantu 10[year needed]
Luba Central Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo Niger–Congo, Bantu 15[year needed]
Mongo Central Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo Niger–Congo, Bantu 15[year needed]
Mossi West Africa Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Niger, Ghana, Mali, Togo Niger–Congo, Bantu 11[year needed]
Nilotes Nile Valley, East Africa, Central Africa South Sudan, Sudan, Chad, Central African Republic, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Ethiopia Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic 22 (2007)
Oromo Horn of Africa Ethiopia, Kenya Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic 42 (2022)
Shona East Africa Zimbabwe and Mozambique Niger–Congo, Bantoid 15 (2000)
Somali Horn of Africa Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic 20 (2009)
Songhai West Africa Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Algeria Nilo-Saharan 8 (2019)
Yoruba West Africa Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone Niger–Congo, Volta–Niger 40[year needed]
Zulu Southern Africa South Africa Niger–Congo, Bantu 12 (2016)

See also

References

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  6. ^ a b c d Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).: c. 1,650 Niger-Congo, c. 200-300 Afro-Asiatic, 80 Nilo-Saharan, 40-70 Khoisan.
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  9. ^ The total number of languages natively spoken in Africa is variously estimated (depending on the delineation of language vs. dialect) at between 1,250 and 2,100. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). Some counts estimate "over 3,000", e.g. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).. Niger-Congo alone accounts for the majority of languages (and the majority of population), estimated at 1,560 languages by SIL Ethnologue) (Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).)
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  18. ^ Peter Austin, One Thousand Languages (2008), p. 75, https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0520255607:"Kanuri is a major Saharan language spoken in the Lake Chad Basin in the Borno area of northeastern Nigeria, as well as in Niger, Cameroon, and Chad (where the variety is known as Kanembul[)]."

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de:Liste afrikanischer Sprachen

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