Acharonim

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Rabbinical eras

In Jewish law and history, Acharonim (Hebrew: אחרונים, romanized: Aḥaronim, Modern Israeli Hebrew: [ʔaχ(a)ʁoˈnim], Biblical Hebrew: [ʔaħ(a)roˈnim]; lit. 'last ones'; sing. אחרון, Aḥaron) are the leading rabbis and poskim (Jewish legal decisors) living from roughly the 16th century to the present, and more specifically since the writing of the Shulchan Aruch (lit. 'Set Table'; a code of Jewish law) in 1563 CE.

The Acharonim follow the Rishonim, the "first ones"—the rabbinic scholars between the 11th and the 16th century following the Geonim and preceding the Shulchan Aruch. The publication of the Shulchan Aruch thus marks the transition from the era of Rishonim to that of Acharonim.

The Acharonim are thus contemporary with the Early Modern Period, the foundation of Hasidic Judaism, Jewish emancipation in Europe, the Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment), Zionism, the Holocaust, the foundation of the State of Israel and the Jewish exodus from the Muslim world.

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Consequences for Halakhic change

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The distinction between the Acharonim, Rishonim and Geonim is meaningful historically. According to the widely held view in Orthodox Judaism, the Acharonim generally cannot dispute the rulings of rabbis of previous eras unless they find support from other rabbis in previous eras. Yet the opposite view exists as well: In The Principles of Jewish Law Orthodox Rabbi Menachem Elon wrote:

[such a view] "inherently violates the precept of Hilkheta Ke-Vatra'ei, that is, the law is according to the later scholars. This rule dates from the Geonic period. It laid down that until the time of Rabbis Abbaye and Rava (4th century) the Halakha was to be decided according to the views of the earlier scholars, but from that time onward, the halakhic opinions of post-talmudic scholars would prevail over the contrary opinions of a previous generation. See Piskei Ha'Rosh, Bava Metzia 3:10, 4:21, Shabbat 23:1

Hilkheta Ke-Vatra'ei can be interpreted such that the Orthodox view does not constitute a contradiction, with an appeal to understand it within the greater context of Torah. While authority may go to the scholars of a later generation within a particular era, the Talmud does not allow scholars of a later era to argue with scholars of an earlier era without support from other scholars of an earlier era.

This is displayed in "hundreds of instances" in the Talmud in which Amora’im are challenged by Tanna’itic sources with the term מיתיבי and the Amorai'm unable to "deflect the challenge". An Amora called Rav is challenged by Tannai’tic sources "and is vindicated by the statement, Rav tanna hu upalig"- "Rav is a Tanna and disagrees (in Eiruvin 50b, Kesubos 8a, and elsewhere). A similar case exists for Rav Chiya, a borderline Tanna in Bava Metzia 5a. This clearly implies that the only reason they are able to get away with disagreeing is because they are Tannaim. There are "only a handful of possible exceptions [to the rule] that the Amora’im did not, in fact argue with the Tanna’im."[1]

The question of which prior rulings can and cannot be disputed has led to attempts to precisely define which rulings are within the Acharonim era. According to many rabbis the Shulkhan Arukh is from an Acharon. Some hold that Rabbi Yosef Karo's Beit Yosef has the halakhic status of a work of a Rishon, while his later Shulkhan Arukh has the status of a work of an Acharon.[2]

Notable Acharonim

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Note: This list is incomplete and is only intended to provide a small selection from the broad list of prominent rabbinic figures of the Acharonic era. For a more comprehensive list, see List of rabbis.

16th century

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17th century

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File:Isaac Aboab Fonseca.jpg
Isaac Aboab da Fonseca

18th century

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File:Brockhaus and Efron Jewish Encyclopedia e16 058-0.jpg
Shneur Zalman of Liadi

19th century

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File:Naftali Tzvi Iehuda Berlin (ha-Natziv) 1a.jpg
Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin
File:Israel Meir Poupko, tefillin.jpg
Israel Meir Kagan

20th century

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File:Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson2 crop.jpg
Menachem Mendel Schneerson
File:Ovadia Yosef.jpg
Ovadia Yosef

See also

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References

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